tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71423221332515265852024-03-06T12:02:31.253-08:00Swinging on SpiralsI do not die...I awaken to the dream that I lived.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger426125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-75704158513106995322023-01-26T21:13:00.004-08:002023-01-26T21:13:23.005-08:00Language of the Birds<p> Language of the Birds</p><p>(note: see the umbilical cord connecting the Sun and Odin?)</p><p>https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/30oct_ftes#:~:text=Researchers%20have%20long%20known%20that,penetrate%20the%20planet's%20magnetic%20defenses.</p><p>Remember all the posts that have 'a little bird told me'?</p><p>I think this is a hint that the people who have said that are talking about the Language of the Birds. This makes perfect sense in context to many particular posts that seemed to be hinting to someone or messaging someone in a veiled way.</p><p>In mythology, medieval literature and occultism, the language of the birds is postulated as a mystical, perfect divine language, green language, adamic language, enochian language, angelic language or a mythical or magical language used by birds to communicate with the initiated.</p><p> Quoting: LanguageoftheBirds</p><p>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_the_birds</p><p>The article below speaks of how the Language of the Birds is also called The Green Language (which reminds me of the stories of the Green Man). It says that the language will be understood (brought to light) at the end of the cycles of time. This reminds me of a time when all secrets will be revealed. Many spiritual practices, religions, and occults speak of this, and there are a lot of occult members saying that we are in the time of revealing presently.</p><p>The Language of the Birds is also known as the Green Language or the Language of the Gods. It embraces Kabbalah, Astrology, Alchemy and Tarot. Its grammar is symbolism, more to the point, holographic symbolism, when properly understood.</p><p>Birds further reference ascension of human consciousness in the alchemy of time, winged gods from the sky, bird-headed beings, Thoth in particular - linked to creation of this reality. Thoth the Scribe is the ancient Egyptian god who scripted the languages of our reality, to be viewed as symbolic messages through the ages, and finally brought to light at the end of the cycles of time.</p><p> Quoting: TheGreenLanguage</p><p>http://www.crystalinks.com/birdlanguage.html</p><p>Another says that the Language of the Birds is the 'angelic language', and once understood communication with higher beings becomes possible, and higher states of be-ing.</p><p>This brings us back directly to what was said at the outset about "the language of the birds", which can also be called "angelic language", and which is symbolized in the human world by rhythmic language, for the science of rhythm, which has many applications, is in fact ultimately the basis of all the means which can be brought into action in order to enter into communication with the higher states of being.</p><p> Quoting: AngelicLanguage</p><p>[link to www.studiesincomparativereligion.com]</p><p>Perhaps we are in fact close to the revealing of all.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-68330707943325164192023-01-25T15:48:00.005-08:002023-01-25T15:49:04.980-08:00Breaking Oroborus <p> Breaking Oroborus</p><p>"Join me my child in listening to my digging, scraping, and picking at my shadow.</p><p>It's shedding a swath over my muscles and scratching my bones deep enough to taste of marrow. </p><p>There is something there, a shadow that itches. Writhing face down and snake-like body circling back round insecure, yet clearing out what i once used to be. So confusing. </p><p>Need a cross to cross me over, not this needless circle. Or maybe just a word to guide me to the outside or inside of this circle. </p><p>Let me feel something, anything other than the taste of this tail I've been picking at, and swallowing as if it's my own shadow. </p><p>What's it going to take to move through my own shadow? What's it going to take to step through? </p><p>Tangential motion; allow me to die and step through enough of an inversion to come out the other side, to spiral instead, and break the cycle of all circles."</p><p>- Chad Adams</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-54793012702107005182022-02-15T19:29:00.001-08:002022-02-15T19:30:19.091-08:00I videos i have come across<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8wlEd98tYHQ" width="320" youtube-src-id="8wlEd98tYHQ"></iframe></div><br />https://youtu.be/8wlEd98tYHQ<p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-86942184216643846732020-09-26T23:02:00.009-07:002020-09-26T23:11:11.594-07:00Famed Number π Found Hidden in the Hydrogen Atom <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/11/famed-number-found-hidden-hydrogen-atom" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1527" data-original-width="1407" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyWZo17TYyYEY_pwXR-BXQ7DWsCCJR64M2atPGmO1oT_eVtp5EZpXvUgLmsZBdOuu5FRBYgg88AQFHu8UeXNnRBwW0OPTnYD63oz1PReY6Y7U6m4ipKkOvT42batBQiPRnjoug2iutT7y9/s320/Screenshot_20200927-020820_Facebook.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/11/famed-number-found-hidden-hydrogen-atom">Found Hidden in the Hydrogen Atom </a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-45573933285468877842018-01-13T17:31:00.002-08:002018-01-13T17:31:09.751-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-17070699035524778902017-05-12T13:15:00.000-07:002017-05-12T13:22:42.573-07:00Six Spirals modeling Three Tori Form<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-21346299638230060262016-11-22T17:38:00.001-08:002016-11-22T17:38:03.637-08:00Fifty-Five<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Multiples of 55 (hz) always creates this type of pattern.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-40082418525319123012016-11-22T17:36:00.001-08:002016-11-22T17:36:32.607-08:00243hz Phase Spin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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243hz with varied overtones.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-4251549981901566382016-11-22T17:35:00.002-08:002016-11-22T17:35:21.880-08:00f12 Extended Fibonacci Values Phase Analysis <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-8355143693962268102016-11-16T12:55:00.000-08:002016-11-16T12:55:00.022-08:00Tetrahedron Shaped Cymatic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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2016 Chad Adams</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-69844123057143091192016-04-04T13:50:00.005-07:002016-04-04T13:50:54.413-07:00The Mapping of Extended Fibonacci Digital Root's Odd Even through Curved Segments<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-73878037366094893732015-11-14T21:33:00.002-08:002015-11-14T21:41:33.812-08:00Microtubules and Consciousness<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"> <b>Roger Penrose, PhD, OM, FRS<sup>1</sup>, and Stuart Hameroff, MD<sup>2</sup></b>
</span> <span style="color: black;"> <br /> </span> <span style="color: black;"><sup>1</sup>Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor, Mathematical Institute,
Emeritus Fellow, Wadham College, <br />
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK <br />
<sup>2</sup>Professor, Anesthesiology and Psychology,
Director, Center for Consciousness Studies,
The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
<b> </b></span></span><br />
<center>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><b> <b> Abstract </b> </b></span></span></center>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b><b> </b> </span></span></center>
<span style="color: black;">
The nature of consciousness, its occurrence in the brain, and its
ultimate place in the universe are unknown. We proposed in the mid
1990's that consciousness depends on biologically 'orchestrated' quantum
computations in collections of microtubules within brain neurons, that
these quantum computations correlate with and regulate neuronal
activity, and that the continuous Schrödinger evolution of each quantum
computation terminates in accordance with the specific Diósi–Penrose
(DP) scheme of 'objective reduction' of the quantum state (<b>OR</b>). This orchestrated <b>OR</b> activity (<b><b>Orch OR</b></b>) is taken to result in a moment of conscious awareness and/or choice. This particular (DP) form of <b>OR</b> is taken to be a quantum-gravity process related to the fundamentals of spacetime geometry, so <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> suggests a connection between brain biomolecular processes and fine-scale structure of the universe. Here we review and update <b><b>Orch OR</b></b>
in light of criticisms and developments in quantum biology,
neuroscience, physics and cosmology. We conclude that consciousness
plays an intrinsic role in the universe. <b> KEY WORDS: </b> Consciousness, microtubules, <b>OR, Orch OR</b>, quantum computation, quantum gravity<br />
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</span><br />
<hr color="Black" />
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</span> <span style="color: black;">
<span style="color: black;"> <br />
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<b>
1. Introduction: Consciousness, Brain and Evolution</b> <br />
Consciousness implies awareness: subjective experience of internal and
external phenomenal worlds. Consciousness is central also to
understanding, meaning and volitional choice with the experience of free
will. Our views of reality, of the universe, of ourselves depend on
consciousness. Consciousness defines our existence. <br />
Three general possibilities regarding the origin and place of consciousness in the universe have been commonly expressed. <br />
</span></span><br />
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<dir><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
(A) <i>Consciousness is not an independent quality but arose as a
natural evolutionary consequence of the biological adaptation of brains
and nervous systems</i>. The most popular scientific view is that
consciousness emerged as a property of complex biological computation
during the course of evolution. Opinions vary as to when, where and how
consciousness appeared, e.g. only recently in humans, or earlier in
lower organisms. Consciousness as evolutionary adaptation is commonly
assumed to be epiphenomenal (i.e. a secondary effect without independent
influence), though it is frequently argued to confer beneficial
advantages to conscious species (Dennett, 1991; 1995; Wegner, 2002). <br />
(B) <i>Consciousness is a quality that has always been in the universe</i>.
Spiritual and religious approaches assume consciousness has been in the
universe all along, e.g. as the 'ground of being', 'creator' or
component of an omnipresent 'God'. Panpsychists attribute consciousness
to all matter. Idealists contend consciousness is all that exists, the
material world an illusion (Kant, 1781).<br />
(C) <i>Precursors of consciousness have always been in the universe;
biology evolved a mechanism to convert conscious precursors to actual
consciousness</i>. This is the view implied by Whitehead (1929; 1933)
and taken in the Penrose-Hameroff theory of 'orchestrated objective
reduction' ('<b>Orch OR</b>'). Precursors of consciousness, presumably
with proto-experiential qualities, are proposed to exist as the
potential ingredients of actual consciousness, the physical basis of
these proto-conscious elements not necessarily being part of our current
theories of the laws of the universe (Penrose and Hameroff, 1995;
Hameroff and Penrose, 1996a; 1996b). </span></span></dir><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
<b>
2. Ideas for how consciousness arises from brain action </b> <br />
How does the brain produce consciousness? An enormous amount of detailed
knowledge about brain function has accrued; however the mechanism by
which the brain produces consciousness remains mysterious (Koch, 2004).
The prevalent scientific view is that consciousness somehow emerges from
complex computation among simple neurons which each receive and
integrate synaptic inputs to a threshold for bit-like firing. The brain
as a network of 10<sup>11</sup> 'integrate-and-fire' neurons computing
by bit-like firing and variable-strength chemical synapses is the
standard model for computer simulations of brain function, e.g. in the
field of artificial intelligence ('AI'). <br />
The brain-as-computer view can account for non-conscious cognitive
functions including much of our mental processing and control of
behavior. Such non-conscious cognitive processes are deemed 'zombie
modes', 'auto-pilot', or 'easy problems'. The 'hard problem' (Chalmers,
1996) is the question of how cognitive processes are accompanied or
driven by phenomenal conscious experience and subjective feelings,
referred to by philosophers as 'qualia'. Other issues also suggest the
brain-as-computer view may be incomplete, and that other approaches are
required. The conventional brain-as-computer view fails to account for: <br />
<dir>
<i>The 'hard problem'</i> Distinctions between conscious and
non-conscious processes are not addressed; consciousness is assumed to
emerge at a critical level (neither specified nor testable) of
computational complexity mediating otherwise non-conscious processes.<br />
<i>'Non-computable' thought and understanding,</i> e.g. as shown by Gödel's theorem (Penrose, 1989; 1994).<br />
<i>'Binding and synchrony',</i> the problem of how disparate neuronal
activities are bound into unified conscious experience, and how neuronal
synchrony, e.g. gamma synchrony EEG (30 to 90 Hz), the best measurable
correlate of consciousness does not derive from neuronal firings. <br />
<i>Causal efficacy</i> of consciousness and any semblance of free will. Because measurable brain activity corresponding to a stimulus often occurs <i>after</i>
we've responded (seemingly consciously) to that stimulus, the
brain-as-computer view depicts consciousness as epiphenomenal illusion
(Dennett, 1991; 1995; Wegner, 2002).<br />
<i>Cognitive behaviors of single cell organisms</i>. Protozoans like <i>Paramecium</i> can swim, find food and mates, learn, remember and have sex, all without synaptic computation (Sherrington, 1957). <br />
</dir>
In the 1980s Penrose and Hameroff (separately) began to address these issues, each against the grain of mainstream views.
<b>
3. Microtubules as Biomolecular Computers </b> <br />
Hameroff had been intrigued by seemingly intelligent, organized
activities inside cells, accomplished by protein polymers called
microtubules (Hameroff and Watt, 1982; Hameroff, 1987). Major components
of the cell's structural cytoskeleton, microtubules also accounted for
precise separation of chromosomes in cell division, complex behavior of <i>Paramecium</i>,
and regulation of synapses within brain neurons (Figure 1). The
intelligent function and periodic lattice structure of microtubules
suggested they might function as some type of biomolecular computer.<br />
Microtubules are self-assembling polymers of the peanut-shaped protein
dimer tubulin, each tubulin dimer (110,000 atomic mass units) being
composed of an alpha and beta monomer (Figure 2). Thirteen linear
tubulin chains ('protofilaments') align side-to-side to form hollow
microtubule cylinders (25 nanometers diameter) with two types of
hexagonal lattices. The A-lattice has multiple winding patterns which
intersect on protofilaments at specific intervals matching the Fibonacci
series found widely in nature and possessing a helical symmetry
(Section 9), suggestively sympathetic to large-scale quantum processes.
<br />
<br />
<center>
</center>
<dir>
Figure 1. Schematic of portions of two neurons. A terminal axon (left)
forms a synapse with a dendritic spine of a second neuron (right).
Interiors of both neurons show cytoskeletal structures including
microtubules, actin and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs).
Dendritic microtubules are arrayed in mixed polarity local networks,
interconnected by MAPs. Synaptic inputs are conveyed to dendritic
microtubules by ion flux, actin filaments, second messengers (e.g.
CaMKII, see Hameroff et al, 2010) and MAPs. </dir>
Along with actin and other cytoskeletal structures, microtubules
establish cell shape, direct growth and organize function of cells
including brain neurons. Various types of microtubule-associated
proteins ('MAPs') bind at specific lattice sites and bridge to other
microtubules, defining cell architecture like girders and beams in a
building. One such MAP is tau, whose displacement from microtubules
results in neurofibrillary tangles and the cognitive dysfunction of
Alzheimer's disease (Brunden et al, 2011). Motor proteins (dynein,
kinesin) move rapidly along microtubules, transporting cargo molecules
to specific locations.
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span>
</span></span><br />
<center>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjZz59LOKdWj6k1-MocavC7iLqve7LelUvVPbYrDYrqd2dNVnKxXvmHl92XXvXlIizXezzMNIKuuLyUgER8cJolnMyBu4i9hjtunC-Lnrv6039kHohIGy9RDK278UAIeavIxA2K_KODcp0HdD_gDZtJLc2QLDQJ2E4=" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure01.jpg" height="538" width="640" /></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"></span></center>
<span style="color: black;">
</span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Figure 2. Left: Portion of single microtubule composed of tubulin dimer
proteins (black and white) in A-lattice configuration. Right, top:
According to pre-<b>Orch OR</b> microtubule automata theory (e.g.
Hameroff and Watt, 1982; Rasmussen et al, 1990), each tubulin in a
microtubule lattice switches between alternate (black and white) 'bit'
states, coupled to electron cloud dipole London forces in internal
hydrophobic pocket. Right, bottom: According to <b>Orch OR</b>, each
tubulin can also exist as quantum superposition (quantum bit, or
'qubit') of both states, coupled to superposition of London force
dipoles in hydrophobic pocket. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black;">Microtubules also fuse side-by-side in doublets or triplets. Nine such
doublets or triplets then align to form barrel-shaped mega-cylinders
called cilia, flagella and centrioles, organelles responsible for
locomotion, sensation and cell division. Either individually or in these
larger arrays, microtubules are responsible for cellular and
intra-cellular movements requiring intelligent spatiotemporal
organization. Microtubules have a lattice structure comparable to
computational systems. Could microtubules process information? <br />
The notion that microtubules process information was suggested in
general terms by Sherrington (1957) and Atema (1973). With physicist
colleagues through the 1980s, Hameroff developed models of microtubules
as information processing devices, specifically molecular ('cellular')
automata, self-organizing computational devices (Figure 3). Cellular
automata are computational systems in which fundamental units, or
'cells' in a grid or lattice can each exist in specific states, e.g. 1
or 0, at a given time (Wolfram, 2002). Each cell interacts with its
neighbor cells at discrete, synchronized time steps, the state of each
cell at any particular time step determined by its state and its
neighbor cell states at the previous time step, and rules governing the
interactions. In such ways, using simple neighbor interactions in simple
lattice grids, cellular automata can perform complex computation and
generate complex patterns. <br />
Cells in cellular automata are meant to imply fundamental units. But
biological cells are not necessarily simple, as illustrated by the
clever <i>Paramecium</i>. Molecular automata are cellular automata in
which the fundamental units, bits or cells are states of molecules, much
smaller than biological cells. A dynamic, interactive molecular grid or
lattice is required.<br />
Microtubules are lattices of tubulin dimers which Hameroff and
colleagues modeled as molecular automata. Discrete states of tubulin
were suggested to act as bits, switching between states, and interacting
(via dipole-dipole coupling) with neighbor tubulin bit states in
'molecular automata' computation (Hameroff and Watt, 1982; Rasmussen et
al., 1990; Tuszynski et al., 1995). The mechanism for bit-like switching
at the level of each tubulin was proposed to depend on the van der
Waals–London force in non-polar, water-excluding regions ('hydrophobic
pockets') within each tubulin. <br />
Proteins are largely heterogeneous arrays of amino acid residues,
including both water-soluble polar and water-insoluble non-polar groups,
the latter including phenylalanine and tryptophan with electron
resonance clouds (e.g. phenyl and indole rings). Such non-polar groups
coalesce during protein folding to form homogeneous water-excluding
'hydrophobic' pockets within which instantaneous dipole couplings
between nearby electron clouds operate. These are London forces which
are extremely weak but numerous and able to act collectively in
hydrophobic regions to influence and determine protein state (Voet and
Voet, 1995).
<br />
London forces in hydrophobic pockets of various neuronal proteins are
the mechanisms by which anesthetic gases selectively erase consciousness
(Franks and Lieb, 1984). Anesthetics bind by their own London force
attractions with electron clouds of the hydrophobic pocket, presumably
impairing normally-occurring London forces governing protein switching
required for consciousness (Hameroff, 2006).<br />
In Figure 2, and as previously used in <b>Orch OR</b>, London forces are
illustrated in cartoon fashion. A single hydrophobic pocket is depicted
in tubulin, with portions of two electron resonance rings in the
pocket. Single electrons in each ring repel each other, as their
electron cloud net dipole flips (London force oscillation). London
forces in hydrophobic pockets were used as the switching mechanism to
distinguish discrete states for each tubulin in microtubule automata. In
recent years tubulin hydrophobic regions and switching in the <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> proposal that we describe below have been clarified and updated (see Section 8).
<br />
To synchronize discrete time steps in microtubule automata, tubulins in
microtubules were assumed to oscillate synchronously in a manner
proposed by Fröhlich for biological coherence. Biophysicist Herbert
Fröhlich (1968; 1970; 1975) had suggested that biomolecular dipoles
constrained in a common geometry and voltage field would oscillate
coherently, coupling, or condensing to a common vibrational mode. He
proposed that biomolecular dipole lattices could convert ambient energy
to coherent, synchronized dipole excitations, e.g. in the gigahertz (10<sup>9</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>)
frequency range. Fröhlich coherence or condensation can be either
quantum coherence (e.g. Bose-Einstein condensation) or classical
synchrony (Reimers et al., 2009). <br />
In recent years coherent excitations have been found in living cells
emanating from microtubules at 8 megahertz (Pokorny et al., 2001; 2004).
Bandyopadhyay (2011) has found a series of coherence resonance peaks in
single microtubules ranging from 12 kilohertz to 8 megahertz.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure3.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 3. Microtubule automata (Rasmussen et al, 1990). Top: 4 time
steps (e.g. at 8 megahertz, Pokorny et al, 2001) showing propagation of
information states and patterns ('gliders' in cellular automata
parlance). Bottom: At different dipole coupling parameter,
bi-directional pattern movement and computation occur. </dir>
Rasmussen et al (1990) applied Fröhlich synchrony (in classical mode) as
a clocking mechanism for computational time steps in simulated
microtubule automata. Based on dipole couplings between neighboring
tubulins in the microtubule lattice geometry, they found traveling
gliders, complex patterns, computation and learning. Microtubule
automata within brain neurons could potentially provide another level of
information processing in the brain.
<br />
Approximately 10<sup>8</sup> tubulins in each neuron switching and oscillating in the range of 10<sup>7</sup> per second (e.g. Pokorny 8 MHz) gives an information capacity at the microtubule level of 10<sup>15</sup> operations per second <i>per neuron</i>.
This predicted capacity challenged and annoyed AI whose estimates for
information processing at the level of neurons and synapses were
virtually the same as this single-cell value, but for the entire brain
(10<sup>11</sup> neurons, 10<sup>3</sup> synapses per neuron, 10<sup>2</sup> transmissions per synapse per second = 10<sup>16</sup> operations per second). Total brain capacity when taken at the microtubule level (in 10<sup>11</sup> neurons) would potentially be 10<sup>26</sup>
operations per second, pushing the goalpost for AI brain equivalence
farther into the future, and down into the quantum regime.
<br />
High capacity microtubule-based computing inside brain neurons could
account for organization of synaptic regulation, learning and memory,
and perhaps act as the substrate for consciousness. But increased brain
information capacity <i>per se</i> didn't address most unanswered questions about consciousness (Section 2). Something was missing.
<br />
<b>
4. Objective Reduction (OR)</b> <br />
In 1989 Penrose published <i>The Emperor's New Mind</i>, which was followed in 1994 by <i>Shadows of the Mind</i>.
Critical of AI, both books argued, by appealing to Gödel's theorem and
other considerations, that certain aspects of human consciousness, such
as <i>understanding</i>, must be beyond the scope of any computational
system, i.e. 'non-computable'. Non-computability is a perfectly
well-defined mathematical concept, but it had not previously been
considered as a serious possibility for the result of physical actions.
The non-computable ingredient required for human consciousness and
understanding, Penrose suggested, would have to lie in an area where our
current physical theories are fundamentally incomplete, though of
important relevance to the scales that are pertinent to the operation of
our brains. The only serious possibility was the incompleteness of
quantum theory—an incompleteness that both Einstein and Schrödinger had
recognized, despite quantum theory having frequently been argued to
represent the pinnacle of 20th century scientific achievement. This
incompleteness is the unresolved issue referred to as the '<i>measurement problem</i>',
which we consider in more detail below, in Section 5. One way to
resolve it would be to provide an extension of the standard framework of
quantum mechanics by introducing an objective form of quantum state
reduction—termed 'OR' (objective reduction), an idea which we also
describe more fully below, in Section 6.
<br />
In Penrose (1989), the tentatively suggested OR proposal would have its
onset determined by a condition referred to there as 'the one-graviton'
criterion. However, in Penrose (1995), a much better-founded criterion
was used, now sometimes referred to as the <i>Diósi–Penrose proposal</i>
(henceforth 'DP'; see Diósi 1987, 1989, Penrose 1993, 1996, 2000,
2009). This is an objective physical threshold, providing a plausible
lifetime for quantum-superposed states. Other such <b>OR</b> proposals
had also been put forward, from time to time (e.g. Kibble 1981, Pearle
1989, Pearle and Squires 1994, Ghirardi et al., 1986, 1990; see Ghirardi
2011, <i>this volume</i>) as solutions to the measurement problem, but
had not originally been suggested as having anything to do with the
consciousness issue. The Diósi-Penrose proposal is sometimes referred to
as a 'quantum-gravity' scheme, but it is not part of the normal ideas
used in quantum gravity, as will be explained below (Section 6).
Moreover, the proposed connection between consciousness and quantum
measurement is almost opposite, in the <b>Orch OR</b> scheme, to the
kind of idea that had frequently been put forward in the early days of
quantum mechanics (see, for example, Wigner 1961) which suggests that a
'quantum measurement' is something that occurs only as a result of the
conscious intervention of an observer. This issue, also, will be
discussed below (Section 5).<br />
<b>
5. The Nature of Quantum Mechanics and its Fundamental Problem </b> <br />
The term 'quantum' refers to a discrete element of energy in a system, such as the energy <i>E</i>
of a particle, or of some other subsystem, this energy being related to
a fundamental frequency ν of its oscillation, according to Max
Planck's famous formula (where <i>h</i> is Planck's constant): <br />
<br />
<center>
<i>E</i> = <i> h</i> ν. </center>
This deep relation between discrete energy levels and frequencies of
oscillation underlies the wave/particle duality inherent in quantum
phenomena. Neither the word “particle” nor the word “wave” adequately
conveys the true nature of a basic quantum entity, but both provide
useful partial pictures.<br />
The laws governing these submicroscopic quantum entities differ from
those governing our everyday classical world. For example, quantum
particles can exist in two or more states or locations simultaneously,
where such a multiple coexisting superposition of alternatives (each
alternative being weighted by a <i>complex</i> number) would be described mathematically by a quantum <i>wavefunction</i>.
We don't see superpositions in the consciously perceived world; we see
objects and particles as material, classical things in specific
locations and states.
<br />
Another quantum property is 'non-local entanglement,' in which separated
components of a system become unified, the entire collection of
components being governed by one common quantum wavefunction. The parts
remain somehow connected, even when spatially separated by significant
distances (e.g. over 10 kilometres, Tittel et al., 1998). Quantum
superpositions of bit states (quantum bits, or qubits) can be
interconnected with one another through entanglement in quantum
computers. However, quantum entanglements cannot, by themselves, be used
to send a message from one part of an entangled system to another; yet
entanglement can be used in conjunction with classical signaling to
achieve strange effects—such as the strange phenomenon referred to as <i>quantum teleportation</i>—that
classical signalling cannot achieve by itself (e.g. Bennett and
Wiesner, 1992; Bennett et al., 1993; Bouwmeester et al., 1997; Macikic
et al., 2002).
<br />
The issue of why we don't directly perceive quantum superpositions is a manifestation of the <i>measurement problem</i>
referred to in Section 4. Put more precisely, the measurement problem
is the conflict between the two fundamental procedures of quantum
mechanics. One of these procedures, referred to as <i>unitary evolution</i>, denoted here by <b>U</b>,
is the continuous deterministic evolution of the quantum state (i.e. of
the wavefunction of the entire system) according to the fundamental <i>Schrödinger equation</i>, The other is the procedure that is adopted whenever a measurement of the system—or <i>observation</i>—is
deemed to have taken place, where the quantum state is discontinuously
and probabilistically replaced by another quantum state (referred to,
technically, as an <i>eigenstate</i> of a mathematical operator that is
taken to describe the measurement). This discontinuous jumping of the
state is referred to as the <i>reduction</i> of the state (or the 'collapse of the wavefunction'), and will be denoted here by the letter <b> R</b>. The conflict that is termed <i>the measurement problem</i> (or perhaps more accurately as the measurement <i>paradox</i>)
arises when we consider the measuring apparatus itself as a quantum
entity, which is part of the entire quantum system consisting of the
original system under observation together with this measuring
apparatus. The apparatus is, after all, constructed out of the same type
of quantum ingredients (electrons, photons, protons, neutrons etc.—or
quarks and gluons etc.) as is the system under observation, so it ought
to be subject also to the same quantum laws, these being described in
terms of the continuous and deterministic <b>U</b>. How, then, can the discontinuous and probabilistic <b>R</b>
come about as a result of the interaction (measurement) between two
parts of the quantum system? This is the measurement problem (or
paradox).
<br />
There are many ways that quantum physicists have attempted to come to
terms with this conflict (see, for example, Bell 1966, Bohm 1951, Rae
1994, Polkinghorne 2002, Penrose, 2004). In the early 20th century, the
Danish physicist Niels Bohr, together with Werner Heisenberg, proposed
the pragmatic 'Copenhagen interpretation', according to which the
wavefunction of a quantum system, evolving according to <b>U</b>, is not
assigned any actual physical 'reality', but is taken as basically
providing the needed 'book-keeping' so that eventually probability
values can be assigned to the various possible outcomes of a quantum
measurement. The measuring device itself is explicitly taken to behave <i>classically</i>
and no account is taken of the fact that the device is ultimately built
from quantum-level constituents. The probabilities are calculated, once
the nature of the measuring device is known, from the state that the
wavefunction has <b>U</b>-evolved to at the time of the measurement. The discontinuous “jump” that the wavefunction makes upon measurement, according to <b>R</b>,
is attributed to the change in 'knowledge' that the result of the
measurement has on the observer. Since the wavefunction is not assigned
physical reality, but is considered to refer merely to the observer's
knowledge of the quantum system, the jumping is considered simply to
reflect the jump in the observer's knowledge state, rather than in the
quantum system under consideration.<br />
Many physicists remain unhappy with such a point of view, however, and
regard it largely as a 'stop-gap', in order that progress can be made in
applying the quantum formalism, without this progress being held up by a
lack of a serious quantum ontology, which might provide a more complete
picture of what is actually going on. One may ask, in particular, what
it is about a measuring device that allows one to ignore the fact that
it is itself made from quantum constituents and is permitted to be
treated entirely classically. A good many proponents of the Copenhagen
standpoint would take the view that while the physical measuring
apparatus ought actually to be treated as a quantum system, and
therefore part of an over-riding wavefunction evolving according to <b> U</b> , it would be the <i>conscious observer</i>, examining the readings on that device, who actually reduces the state, according to <b> R</b>
, thereby assigning a physical reality to the particular observed
alternative resulting from the measurement. Accordingly, before the
intervention of the observer's consciousness, the various alternatives
of the result of the measurement <i>including</i> the different states
of the measuring apparatus would, in effect, still coexist in
superposition, in accordance with what would be the usual evolution
according to <b> U</b> . In this way, the Copenhagen viewpoint puts
consciousness outside science, and does not seriously address the nature
and physical role of superposition itself nor the question of how large
quantum superpositions like Schrödinger's superposed live and dead cat
(see below) might <i>actually</i> become one thing or another.<br />
A more extreme variant of this approach is the 'multiple worlds
hypothesis' of Everett (1957) in which each possibility in a
superposition evolves to form its own universe, resulting in an infinite
multitude of coexisting 'parallel' worlds. The stream of consciousness
of the observer is supposed somehow to 'split', so that there is one in
each of the worlds—at least in those worlds for which the observer
remains alive and conscious. Each instance of the observer's
consciousness experiences a separate independent world, and is not
directly aware of any of the other worlds.<br />
A more 'down-to-earth' viewpoint is that of <i>environmental decoherence</i>,
in which interaction of a superposition with its environment 'erodes'
quantum states, so that instead of a single wavefunction being used to
describe the state, a more complicated entity is used, referred to as a <i>density matrix</i>. However decoherence does not provide a consistent ontology for the <i>reality</i>
of the world, in relation to the density matrix (see, for example,
Penrose 2004, Sections 29.3-6), and provides merely a pragmatic
procedure. Moreover, it does not address the issue of how <b> R</b>
might arise in isolated systems, nor the nature of isolation, in which
an external 'environment' would not be involved, nor does it tell us
which part of a system is to be regarded as the 'environment' part, and
it provides no limit to the size of that part which can remain subject
to quantum superposition.<br />
Still other approaches include various types of objective reduction (<b>OR</b>)
in which a specific objective threshold is proposed to cause quantum
state reduction (e.g. Kibble 1981; Pearle 1989; Ghirardi et al., 1986;
Percival, 1994; Ghirardi, 2011). The specific <b>OR</b> scheme that is used in <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> will be described in Section 6.
<br />
The quantum pioneer Erwin Schrödinger took pains to point out the difficulties that confront the <b>U</b>-evolution
of a quantum system with his still-famous thought experiment called
'Schrödinger's cat'. Here, the fate of a cat in a box is determined by
magnifying a quantum event (say the decay of a radioactive atom, within a
specific time period that would provide a 50% probability of decay) to a
macroscopic action which would kill the cat, so that according to
Schrödinger's own <b>U</b>-evolution the cat would be in a quantum superposition of being both dead and alive at the same time. If this <b>U</b>-evolution
is maintained until the box is opened and the cat observed, then it
would have to be the conscious human observing the cat that results in
the cat becoming either dead or alive (unless, of course, the cat's own
consciousness could be considered to have already served this purpose).
Schrödinger intended to illustrate the absurdity of the direct
applicability of the rules of quantum mechanics (including his own <b>U</b>-evolution)
when applied at the level of a cat. Like Einstein, he regarded quantum
mechanics as an incomplete theory, and his 'cat' provided an excellent
example for emphasizing this incompleteness. There is a need for
something to be done about quantum mechanics, irrespective of the issue
of its relevance to consciousness.
<br />
<b>
6. The Orch OR Scheme </b> <br />
<b><b>Orch OR</b></b> depends, indeed, upon a particular <b>OR</b>
extension of current quantum mechanics, taking the bridge between
quantum- and classical-level physics as a 'quantum-gravitational'
phenomenon. This is in contrast with the various conventional
viewpoints (see Section 5), whereby this bridge is claimed to result,
somehow, from 'environmental decoherence', or from 'observation by a
conscious observer', or from a 'choice between alternative worlds', or
some other interpretation of how the classical world of one actual
alternative may be taken to arise out of fundamentally
quantum-superposed ingredients. <br />
It must also be made clear that the <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> scheme
involves a different interpretation of the term 'quantum gravity' from
what is usual. Current ideas of quantum gravity (see, for example
Smolin, 2002) normally refer, instead, to some sort of physical scheme
that is to be formulated within the bounds of standard quantum field
theory—although no particular such theory, among the multitude that has
so far been put forward, has gained anything approaching universal
acceptance, nor has any of them found a fully consistent, satisfactory
formulation. <b>'OR'</b> here refers to the alternative viewpoint that standard quantum (field) theory is not the final answer, and that the reduction <b>R</b> of the quantum state ('collapse of the wavefunction') that is adopted in standard quantum mechanics is an <i>actual</i> physical phenomenon which is not part of the conventional unitary formalism <b>U</b>
of quantum theory (or quantum field theory) and does not arise as some
kind of convenience or effective consequence of environmental
decoherence, etc., as the conventional <b>U</b> formalism would seem to demand. Instead, <b>OR</b>
is taken to be one of the consequences of melding together the
principles of Einstein's general relativity with those of the
conventional unitary quantum formalism <b>U</b>, and this demands a departure from the strict rules of <b>U</b>. According to this <b>OR</b> viewpoint, any quantum measurement—whereby the quantum-superposed alternatives produced in accordance with the <b>U</b> formalism becomes reduced to a single actual occurrence—is <i>real</i>
objective physical phenomenon, and it is taken to result from the mass
displacement between the alternatives being sufficient, in gravitational
terms, for the superposition to become unstable. <br />
In the DP (Diósi–Penrose) scheme for <b>OR</b>, the superposition
reduces to one of the alternatives in a time scale τ that can be
estimated (for a superposition of two states each of which can be taken
to be stationary on its own) according to the formula <br />
<br />
<center>
τ ≈ <i>ℏ/E<sub>G</sub></i>. </center>
Here <i>ℏ</i> (=<i>h</i>/2π) is Dirac's form of Planck's constant <i>h</i> and E<sub>G</sub> is the <i>gravitational self-energy</i> of the <i>difference</i>
between the two mass distributions of the superposition. (For a
superposition for which each mass distribution is a rigid translation of
the other, <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> is the energy it would cost to
displace one component of the superposition in the gravitational field
of the other, in moving it from coincidence to the quantum-displaced
location; see Disói 1989, Penrose 1993, 2000, 2009). <br />
According to <b><b>Orch OR</b></b>, the (objective) reduction is not the
entirely random process of standard theory, but acts according to some
non-computational new physics (see Penrose 1989, 1994). The idea is that
consciousness is associated with this (gravitational) <b>OR</b>
process, but occurs significantly only when the alternatives are part of
some highly organized structure, so that such occurrences of <b>OR</b> occur in an extremely <i>orchestrated</i>
form. Only then does a recognizably conscious event take place. On the
other hand, we may consider that any individual occurrence of OR would
be an element of <i>proto</i>-consciousness.<br />
The <b>OR</b> process is considered to occur when quantum superpositions
between slightly differing space-times take place, differing from one
another by an integrated space-time measure which compares with the
fundamental and extremely tiny Planck (4-volume) scale of space-time
geometry. Since this is a 4-volume Planck measure, involving both time
and space, we find that the time measure would be particularly tiny when
the space-difference measure is relatively large (as with Schrödinger's
cat), but for extremely tiny space-difference measures, the time
measure might be fairly long, such as some significant fraction of a
second. We shall be seeing this in more detail shortly, together with
its particular relevance to microtubules. In any case, we recognize that
the elements of proto-consciousness would be intimately tied in with
the most primitive Planck-level ingredients of space-time geometry,
these presumed 'ingredients' being taken to be at the absurdly tiny
level of 10<sup>−35</sup>m and 10<sup>−43</sup>s, a distance and a time
some 20 orders of magnitude smaller than those of normal
particle-physics scales and their most rapid processes.
These scales refer only to the normally extremely tiny differences in
space-time geometry between different states in superposition, and <b>OR</b>
is deemed to take place when such space-time differences reach the
Planck level. Owing to the extreme weakness of gravitational forces as
compared with those of the chemical and electric
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure4.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 4. From Penrose, 1994 (P. 338). With four spatiotemporal
dimensions condensed to a 2-dimensional spacetime sheet, mass location
may be represented as a particular curvature of that sheet, according to
general relativity. Top: Two different mass locations as alternative
spacetime curvatures. Bottom: a bifurcating spacetime is depicted as the
union ("glued together version") of the two alternative spacetime
histories that are depicted at the top of the Figure. Hence a quantum
superposition of simultaneous alternative locations may be seen as a
separation in fundamental spacetime geometry. </dir>
forces of biology, the energy <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> is liable to be far smaller than any energy that arises directly from biological processes. However, <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>
is not to be thought of as being in direct competition with any of the
usual biological energies, as it plays a completely different role,
supplying a needed energy uncertainty that then allows a choice to be
made between the separated space-time geometries. It is the key
ingredient of the computation of the reduction time τ. Nevertheless,
the extreme weakness of gravity tells us there must be a considerable
amount of material involved in the coherent mass displacement between
superposed structures in order that τ can be small enough to be playing
its necessary role in the relevant <b>OR</b> processes in the brain.
These superposed structures should also process information and regulate
neuronal physiology. According to <b> <b>Orch OR</b></b>, <i>microtubules</i>
are central to these structures, and some form of biological quantum
computation in microtubules (most probably primarily in the more
symmetrical A-lattice microtubules) would have to have evolved to
provide a subtle yet direct connection to Planck-scale geometry, leading
eventually to discrete moments of actual conscious experience.
<br />
The degree of separation between the space-time sheets is mathematically described in terms of a <i>symplectic measure</i>
on the space of 4-dimensional metrics (cf. Penrose, 1993). The
separation is, as already noted above, a space-time separation, not just
a spatial one. Thus the <i>time</i> of separation contributes as well as the spatial displacement. Roughly speaking, it is the product of the temporal separation <b>T</b> with the spatial separation <b>S</b> that measures the overall degree of separation, and <b>OR</b> takes place when this overall separation reaches a critical amount. This critical amount would be of the order of unity, in <i>absolute units</i>, for which the Planck-Dirac constant ℏ, the gravitational constant <i>G</i>, and the velocity of light c, all take the value unity, cf. Penrose, 1994 - pp. 337-339. For small <b>S</b>, the lifetime τ ≈<b><i>T</i></b> of the superposed state will be large; on the other hand, if <b>S</b> is large, then τ will be small.
<br />
To estimate <b>S</b>, we compute (in the Newtonian limit of weak gravitational fields) the gravitational self-energy <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b>
of the difference between the mass distributions of the two superposed
states. (That is, one mass distribution counts positively and the
other, negatively; see Penrose, 1993; 1995.) The quantity <b>S</b> is then given by: <br />
<br />
<center>
<b><i>S</i> ≈ <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i></b><i> </i></center>
and <b><i>T</i></b>≈ τ, whence <br />
<br />
<center>
τ ≈ <i>ℏ</i>/<b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>, i.e. <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i> ≈ <i>ℏ</i>/τ. </center>
Thus, the DP expectation is that <b>OR</b> occurs with the resolving out of one particular space-time geometry from the previous superposition when, on the average, τ≈<i><b>ℏ/E<sub>G</sub></b></i>. Moreover, according to <b><b>Orch OR</b></b>, this is accompanied by an element of <i>proto-consciousness</i>.
<br />
Environmental decoherence need play no role in state reduction,
according to this scheme. The proposal is that state reduction simply
takes place spontaneously, according to this criterion. On the other
hand, in many actual physical situations, there would be much material
from the environment that would be entangled with the quantum-superposed
state, and it could well be that the major mass displacement—and
therefore the major contribution to <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>—would
occur in the environment rather than in the system under consideration.
Since the environment will be quantum-entangled with the system, the
state-reduction in the environment will effect a simultaneous reduction
in the system. This could shorten the time for the state reduction <b>R</b>
to take place very considerably. It would also introduce an
uncontrollable random element into the result of the reduction, so that
any non-random (albeit non-computable, according to <b><b>Orch OR</b></b>)
element influencing the particular choice of state that is actually
resolved out from the superposition would be completely masked by this
randomness. In these circumstances the <b>OR-</b>process would be indistinguishable from the <b>R-</b>process of conventional quantum mechanics. If the suggested non-computable effects of this <b>OR</b> proposal are to be laid bare, if <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i> is to be able to evolve and be orchestrated for conscious moments, we indeed need significant isolation from the environment.
<br />
As yet, no experiment has been refined enough to determine whether this (DP) <b>OR</b>
proposal is actually respected by Nature, but the experimental testing
of the scheme is fairly close to the borderline of what can be achieved
with present-day technology (see, for example, Marshall et al. 2003).
One ought to begin to see the effects of this <b>OR</b> scheme if a
small object, such as a 10-micron cube of crystalline material could be
held in a superposition of two locations, differing by about the
diameter of an atomic nucleus, for some seconds, or perhaps minutes.
<br />
A point of importance, in such proposed experiments, is that in order to calculate <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>
it may not be enough to base the calculation on an average density of
the material in the superposition, since the mass will be concentrated
in the atomic nuclei, and for a displacement of the order of the
diameter of a nucleus, this inhomogeneity in the density of the material
can be crucial, and can provide a much larger value for <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>
than would be obtained if the material is assumed to be homogeneous.
The Schrödinger equation (more correctly, in the zero-temperature
approximation, the Schrödinger–Newton equation, see Penrose 2000; Moroz
et al. 1998) for the static unsuperposed material would have to be
solved, at least approximately, in order to derive the expectation value
of the mass distribution, where there would be some quantum spread in
the locations of the particles constituting the nuclei.<br />
For <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> to be operative in the brain, we would need
coherent superpositions of sufficient amounts of material, undisturbed
by environmental entanglement, where this reduces in accordance with the
above <b>OR</b> scheme in a rough time scale of the general order of
time for a conscious experience to take place. For an ordinary type of
experience, this might be say about τ =10<sup>−1</sup>s which concurs with neural correlates of consciousness, such as particular frequencies of electroencephalograhy (EEG).<br />
Penrose (1989; 1994) suggested that processes of the general nature of <i>quantum computations</i> were occurring in the brain, terminated by <b>OR</b>.
In quantum computers (Benioff 1982, Deutsch 1985, Feynman 1986),
information is represented not just as bits of either 1 or 0, but also
as quantum superposition of <i>both</i> 1 <i>and</i> 0 together (quantum
bits or qubits) where, moreover, large-scale entanglements between
qubits would also be involved. These qubits interact and compute
following the Schrödinger equation, potentially enabling complex and
highly efficient parallel processing. As envisioned in technological
quantum computers, at some point a measurement is made causing quantum
state reduction (with some randomness introduced). The qubits reduce, or
collapse to classical bits and definite states as the output.
<br />
The proposal that some form of quantum computing could be acting in the
brain, this proceeding by the Schrödinger equation without decoherence
until some threshold for self-collapse due to a form of non-computable <b>OR</b>
could be reached, was made in Penrose 1989. However, no plausible
biological candidate for quantum computing in the brain had been
available to him, as he was then unfamiliar with microtubules.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure5.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 5. Three descriptions of an <b>Orch OR</b> conscious event by <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>=<b><i>ℏ</i></b>/τ.
A. Microtubule automata. Quantum (gray) tubulins evolve to meet
threshold after Step 3, a moment of consciousness occurs and tubulin
states are selected. For actual event (e.g. 25 msec), billions of
tubulins are required; a small number is used here for illustration. B.
Schematic showing U-like evolution until threshold. C. Space-time sheet
with superposition separation reaches threshold and selects one
reality/spacetime curvature.
</dir>
<b>
7. Penrose-Hameroff Orchestrated Objective Reduction ('<b>Orch OR</b>')</b> <br />
Penrose and Hameroff teamed up in the early 1990s. Fortunately, by then,
the DP form of OR mechanism was at hand to be applied to the
microtubule-automata models for consciousness as developed by Hameroff. A
number of questions were addressed. <br />
<i>How does τ≈ℏ/<b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i> relate to consciousness? </i> <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> considers consciousness as a sequence of discrete <b>OR</b> events in concert with neuronal-level activities. In τ≈ℏ/<b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>, τ is taken to be the time for evolution of the pre-conscious quantum wavefunction between <b>OR</b>
events, i.e. the time interval between conscious moments, during which
quantum superpositions of microtubule states evolve according to the
continuous Schrödinger equation before reaching (on the average) the
τ≈ℏ/<b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i><b> OR</b> threshold in time τ, when quantum state reduction and a moment of conscious awareness occurs (Figure 5). <br />
The best known temporal correlate for consciousness is gamma synchrony
EEG, 30 to 90 Hz, often referred to as coherent 40 Hz. One possible
viewpoint might be to take this oscillation to represent a succession of
40 or so conscious moments per second (τ=25 milliseconds). This would
be reasonably consistent with neuroscience (gamma synchrony), with
certain ideas expressed in philosophy (e.g. Whitehead 'occasions of
experience'), and perhaps even with ancient Buddhist texts which portray
consciousness as 'momentary collections of mental phenomena' or as
'distinct, unconnected and impermanent moments which perish as soon as
they arise.' (Some Buddhist writings quantify the frequency of conscious
moments. For example the Sarvaastivaadins, according to von Rospatt
1995, described 6,480,000 'moments' in 24 hours—an average of one
'moment' per 13.3 msec, ~75 Hz—and some Chinese Buddhism as one
"thought" per 20 msec, i.e. 50 Hz.) These accounts, even including
variations in frequency, could be considered to be consistent with <b><b>Orch OR</b></b>
events in the gamma synchrony range. Accordingly, on this view, gamma
synchrony, Buddhist 'moments of experience', Whitehead 'occasions of
experience', and our proposed <b><b>Orch OR</b></b> events might be viewed as corresponding tolerably well with one another. <br />
Putting τ=25msec in <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>≈ℏ/τ, we may ask what is <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i> in terms of superpositioned microtubule tubulins? <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>
may be derived from details about the superposition separation of mass
distribution. Three types of mass separation were considered in
Hameroff–Penrose 1996a for peanut-shaped tubulin proteins of 110,000
atomic mass units: separation at the level of (1) protein spheres, e.g.
by 10 percent volume, (2) atomic nuclei (e.g. carbon, ~ 2.5 Fermi
length), (3) nucleons (protons and neutrons). The most plausible
calculated effect might be separation at the level of atomic nuclei,
giving <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i> as superposition of 2 x 10<sup>10</sup> tubulins reaching <b>OR</b> threshold at 25 milliseconds.
<br />
Brain neurons each contain roughly 10<sup>8</sup> tubulins, so only a few hundred neurons would be required for a 25msec, gamma synchrony <b>OR</b>
event if 100 percent of tubulins in those neurons were in superposition
and avoided decoherence. It seems more likely that a fraction of
tubulins per neuron are in superposition. Global macroscopic states such
as superconductivity ensue from quantum coherence among only very small
fractions of components. If 1 percent of tubulins within a given set of
neurons were coherent for 25msec, then 20,000 such neurons would be
required to elicit <b>OR</b>. In human brain, cognition and
consciousness are, at any one time, thought to involve tens of thousands
of neurons. Hebb's (1949) 'cell assemblies', Eccles's (1992) 'modules',
and Crick and Koch's (1990) 'coherent sets of neurons' are each
estimated to contain some 10,000 to 100,000 neurons which may be widely
distributed throughout the brain (Scott, 1995).
<br />
Adopting τ≈ℏ/<b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>, we find that, with this point of view with regard to <b>Orch-OR</b>,
a spectrum of possible types of conscious event might be able to occur,
including those at higher frequency and intensity. It may be noted that
Tibetan monk meditators have been found to have 80 Hz gamma synchrony,
and perhaps more intense experience (Lutz et al. 2004). Thus, according
to the viewpoint proposed above, where we interpret this frequency to be
associated with a succession of <b>Orch-OR</b> moments, then <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>≈ℏ/τ
would appear to require that there is twice as much brain involvement
required for 80 Hz than for consciousness occurring at 40 Hz (or √2
times as much if the displacement is entirely coherent, since then the
mass enters quadratically in <b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>). Even higher (frequency), expanded awareness states of consciousness might be expected, with more neuronal brain involvement.
<br />
On the other hand, we might take an alternative viewpoint with regard to the probable frequency of <b>Orch-OR</b>
actions, and to the resulting frequency of elements of conscious
experience. There is the possibility that the discernable moments of
consciousness are events that normally occur at a much slower pace than
is suggested by the considerations above, and that they happen only at
rough intervals of the order of, say, one half a second or so, i.e.
~500msec, rather than ~25msec. One might indeed think of conscious
influences as perhaps being rather slow, in contrast with the great deal
of vastly faster unconscious computing that might be some form of
quantum computing, but without <b>OR</b>. At the present stage of uncertainty about such matters it is perhaps best not to be dogmatic about how the ideas of <b><b>Orch OR</b></b>
are to be applied. In any case, the numerical assignments provided
above must be considered to be extremely rough, and at the moment we are
far from being in a position to be definitive about the precise way in
which the <b>Orch-OR</b> is to operate. Alternative possibilities will need to be considered with an open mind. <br />
<i>How do microtubule quantum computation avoid decoherence?</i>
Technological quantum computers using e.g. ion traps as qubits are
plagued by decoherence, disruption of delicate quantum states by thermal
vibration, and require extremely cold temperatures and vacuum to
operate. Decoherence must be avoided during the evolution toward time τ
(≈ℏ/<b><i>E<sub>G</sub></i></b><i> </i>), so that the non-random (non-computable) aspects of <b>OR</b> can be playing their roles. How does quantum computing avoid decoherence in the 'warm, wet and noisy' brain? <br />
It was suggested (Hameroff and Penrose, 1996a) that microtubule quantum
states avoid decoherence by being pumped, laser-like, by Fröhlich
resonance, and shielded by ordered water, C-termini Debye layers, actin
gel and strong mitochondrial electric fields. Moreover quantum states in
<b><b>Orch OR</b></b> are proposed to originate in hydrophobic pockets
in tubulin interiors, isolated from polar interactions, and involve
superposition of only atomic nuclei separation. Moreover, geometrical
resonances in microtubules, e.g. following helical pathways of Fibonacci
geometry are suggested to enable topological quantum computing and
error correction, avoiding decoherence perhaps effectively indefinitely
(Hameroff et al 2002) as in a superconductor.<br />
The analogy with <i>high-temperature</i> superconductors may indeed be
appropriate, in fact. As yet, there is no fully accepted theory of how
such superconductors operate, avoiding loss of quantum coherence from
the usual processes of environmental decoherence. Yet there are
materials which support superconductivity at temperatures roughly
halfway between room temperature and absolute zero (He et al., 2010).
This is still a long way from body temperature, of course, but there is
now some experimental evidence (Bandyopadhyay 2011) that is indicative
of something resembling superconductivity (referred to as 'ballistic
conductance'), that occurs in living A-lattice microtubules at body
temperature. This will be discussed below.<br />
Physicist Max Tegmark (2000) published a critique of <b>Orch OR</b> based on his calculated decoherence times for microtubules of 10<sup>-13</sup> seconds at biological temperature, far too brief for physiological effects. However Tegmark didn't include <b>Orch OR</b>
stipulations and in essence created, and then refuted his own quantum
microtubule model. He assumed superpositions of solitons separated from
themselves by a distance of 24 nanometers along the length of the
microtubule. As previously described, superposition separation in <b>Orch OR</b>
is at the Fermi length level of atomic nuclei, i.e. 7 orders of
magnitude smaller than Tegmark's separation value, thus underestimating
decoherence time by 7 orders of magnitude, i.e. from 10<sup>-13</sup> secs to microseconds at 10<sup>-6</sup> seconds. Hagan et al (2001) used Tegmark's same formula and recalculated microtubule decoherence times using <b>Orch OR</b> stipulations, finding 10<sup>-4</sup> to 10<sup>-3</sup>
seconds, or longer due to topological quantum effects. It seemed likely
biology had evolved optimal information processing systems which can
utilize quantum computing, but there was no real evidence either way.<br />
Beginning in 2003, published research began to demonstrate quantum
coherence in warm biological systems. Ouyang and Awschalom (2003) showed
that quantum spin transfer through phenyl rings (the same as those in
protein hydrophobic pockets) is enhanced at increasingly warm
temperatures. Other studies showed that quantum coherence occurred at
ambient temperatures in proteins involved in photosynthesis, that plants
routinely use quantum coherence to produce chemical energy and food
(Engel et al, 2007). Further research has demonstrated warm quantum
effects in bird brain navigation (Gauger et al, 2011), ion channels
(Bernroider and Roy, 2005), sense of smell (Turin, 1996), DNA (Rieper et
al., 2011), protein folding (Luo and Lu, 2011), biological water
(Reiter et al., 2011) and microtubules. <br />
Recently Anirban Bandyopadhyay and colleagues at the National Institute
of Material Sciences in Tsukuba, Japan have used nanotechnology to study
electronic conductance properties of single microtubules assembled from
porcine brain tubulin. Their preliminary findings (Bandyopadhyay, 2011)
include: (1) Microtubules have 8 resonance peaks for AC stimulation
(kilohertz to 10 megahertz) which appear to correlate with various
helical conductance pathways around the geometric microtubule lattice.
(2) Excitation at these resonant frequencies causes microtubules to
assemble extremely rapidly, possibly due to Fröhlich condensation. (3)
In assembled microtubules AC excitation at resonant frequencies causes
electronic conductance to become lossless, or 'ballistic', essentially
quantum conductance, presumably along these helical quantum channels.
Resonance in the range of kilohertz demonstrates microtubule decoherence
times of at least 0.1 millisecond.
(4) Eight distinct quantum interference patterns from a single
microtubule, each
correlating with one of the 8 resonance frequencies and pathways.
(5) Ferroelectric hysteresis demonstrates memory capacity in
microtubules. (6) Temperature-independent conductance also suggests
quantum effects. If confirmed, such findings would demonstrate <b>Orch OR</b> to be biologically feasible.<br />
<i>How does microtubule quantum computation and <b>Orch OR</b> fit with recognized neurophysiology</i>?
Neurons are composed of multiple dendrites and a cell body/soma which
receive and integrate synaptic inputs to a threshold for firing outputs
along a single axon. Microtubule quantum computation in <b>Orch OR</b>
is assumed to occur in dendrites and cell bodies/soma of brain neurons,
i.e. in regions of integration of inputs in integrate-and-fire neurons.
As opposed to axonal firings, dendritic/somatic integration correlates
best with local field potentials, gamma synchrony EEG, and action of
anesthetics erasing consciousness. Tononi (2004) has identified
integration of information as the neuronal function most closely
associated with consciousness. Dendritic microtubules are uniquely
arranged in local mixed polarity networks, well-suited for integration
of synaptic inputs.
<br />
Membrane synaptic inputs interact with post-synaptic microtubules by
activation of microtubule-associated protein 2 ('MAP2', associated with
learning), and calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII, Hameroff et al,
2010). Such inputs were suggested by Penrose and Hameroff (1996a) to
'tune', or 'orchestrate' <b>OR</b>-mediated quantum computations in microtubules by MAPs, hence 'orchestrated objective reduction', '<b>Orch OR</b>'. <br />
Proposed mechanisms for microtubule avoidance of decoherence were
described above, but another question remains. How would microtubule
quantum computations which are isolated from the environment, still
interact with that environment for input and output? One possibility
that <b>Orch OR</b> suggests is that perhaps phases of isolated quantum
computing alternate with phases of classical environmental interaction,
e.g. at gamma synchrony, roughly 40 times per second. (Computing pioneer
Paul Benioff suggested such a scheme of alternating quantum and
classical phases in a science fiction story about quantum computing
robots.)<br />
With regard to <i>outputs</i> resulting from processes taking place at the level of microtubules in <b>Orch-OR</b>
quantum computations, dendritic/somatic microtubules receive and
integrate synaptic inputs during classical phase. They then become
isolated quantum computers and evolve to threshold for <b>Orch OR</b> at which they reduce their quantum states at an average time interval τ (given by by τ≈ℏ/<i>E<sub>G</sub></i>).
The particular tubulin states chosen in the reduction can then trigger
axonal firing, adjust firing threshold, regulate synapses and encode
memory. Thus <b>Orch OR</b> can have causal efficacy in conscious actions and behavior, as well as providing conscious experience and memory.
<br />
<b>Orch OR</b> <i>in evolution</i> In the absence of <b>Orch OR</b>,
non-conscious neuronal activities might proceed by classical neuronal
and microtubule-based computation. In addition there could be <i>quantum</i> computations in microtubules that do not reach the <b>Orch OR</b> level, and thereby also remain unconscious.
<br />
This last possibility is strongly suggested by considerations of natural
selection, since some relatively primitive microtubule infrastructure,
still able to support quantum computation, would have to have preceded
the more sophisticated kind that we now find in conscious animals.
Natural selection proceeds in steps, after all, and one would not expect
that the capability of the substantial level of coherence across the
brain that would be needed for the non-computable OR of human conscious
understanding to be reached, without something more primitive having
preceded it. Microtubule quantum computing by U evolution which avoids
decoherence would well be advantageous to biological processes without
ever reaching threshold for OR. <br />
Microtubules may have appeared in eukaryotic cells 1.3 billion years ago
due to symbiosis among prokaryotes, mitochondria and spirochetes, the
latter the apparent origin of microtubules which provided movement to
previously immobile cells (e.g. Margulis and Sagan, 1995). Because <b>Orch OR</b> depends on τ≈ℏ/<i>E<sub>G</sub></i>, more primitive consciousness in simple, small organisms would involve smaller <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>,
and longer times τ to avoid decoherence. As simple nervous systems and
arrangements of microtubules grew larger and developed anti-decoherence
mechanisms, inevitably a system would avoid decoherence long enough to
reach threshold for <b>Orch OR</b> conscious moments. Central nervous
systems around 300 neurons, such as those present at the early Cambrian
evolutionary explosion 540 million years ago, could have τ near one
minute, and thus be feasible in terms of avoiding decoherence (Hameroff,
1998d). Perhaps the onset of <b>Orch OR</b> and consciousness with relatively slow and simple conscious moments, precipitated the accelerated evolution.
<br />
Only at a much later evolutionary stage would the selective advantages
of a capability for genuine understanding come about. This would require
the non-computable capabilities of <b>Orch OR</b> that go beyond those
of mere quantum computation, and depend upon larger scale infrastructure
of efficiently functioning microtubules, capable of operating
quantum-computational processes. Further evolution providing larger sets
of microtubules (larger EG) able to be isolated from decoherence would
enable, by τ≈ℏ/<i>E<sub>G</sub></i>, more frequent and more intense moments of conscious experience. It appears human brains could have evolved to having <b>Orch OR</b> conscious moments perhaps as frequently as every few milliseconds.
<br />
<i>How could microtubule quantum states in one neuron extend to those in other neurons throughout the brain?</i>
Assuming microtubule quantum state phases are isolated in a specific
neuron, how could that quantum state involve microtubules in other
neurons throughout the brain without traversing membranes and synapses? <b>Orch OR</b> proposes that quantum states can extend by tunneling, leading to entanglement between adjacent neurons through gap junctions.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure6.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 6. Portions of two neurons connected by a gap junction with
microtubules (linked by microtubule-associated proteins, 'MAPs')
computing via states (here represented as black or white) of tubulin
protein subunits. Wavy lines suggest entanglement among quantum states
(not shown) in microtubules.
</dir>
Gap junctions are primitive electrical connections between cells,
synchronizing electrical activities. Structurally, gap junctions are
windows between cells which may be open or closed. When open, gap
junctions synchronize adjacent cell membrane polarization states, but
also allow passage of molecules between cytoplasmic compartments of the
two cells. So both membranes and cytoplasmic interiors of
gap-junction-connected neurons are continuous, essentially one complex
'hyper-neuron' or syncytium. (Ironically, before Ramon-y-Cajal showed
that neurons were discrete cells, the prevalent model for brain
structure was a continuous threaded-together syncytium as proposed by
Camille Golgi.) <b>Orch OR</b> suggests that quantum states in
microtubules in one neuron could extend by entanglement and tunneling
through gap junctions to microtubules in adjacent neurons and glia
(Figure 6), and from those cells to others, potentially in brain-wide
syncytia.
<br />
Open gap junctions were thus predicted to play an essential role in the
neural correlate of consciousness (Hameroff, 1998a). Beginning in 1998,
evidence began to show that gamma synchrony, the best measureable
correlate of consciousness, depended on gap junctions, particularly
dendritic-dendritic gap junctions (Dermietzel, 1998; Draguhn et al,
1998; Galaretta and Hestrin, 1999). To account for the distinction
between conscious activities and non-conscious 'auto-pilot' activities,
and the fact that consciousness can occur in various brain regions,
Hameroff (2009) developed the “Conscious pilot' model in which syncytial
zones of dendritic gamma synchrony move around the brain, regulated by
gap junction openings and closings, in turn regulated by microtubules.
The model suggests consciousness literally moves around the brain in a
mobile synchronized zone, within which isolated, entangled microtubules
carry out quantum computations and <b>Orch OR</b>. Taken together, <b>Orch OR</b> and the conscious pilot distinguish conscious from non-conscious functional processes in the brain.
<br />
<i>Libet's backward time referral</i> In the 1970s neurophysiologist
Benjamin Libet performed experiments on patients having brain surgery
while awake, i.e. under local anesthesia (Libet et al., 1979). Able to
stimulate and record from conscious human brain, and gather patients'
subjective reports with precise timing, Libet determined that conscious
perception of a stimulus required up to 500 msec of brain activity
post-stimulus, but that conscious awareness occurred at 30 msec
post-stimulus, i.e. that subjective experience was referred 'backward in
time'. <br />
Bearing such apparent anomalies in mind, Penrose put forward a tentative suggestion, in <i>The Emperor's New Mind</i>,
that effects like Libet's backward time referral might be related to
the fact that quantum entanglements are not mediated in a normal causal
way, so that it might be possible for conscious experience not to follow
the normal rules of sequential time progression, so long as this does
not lead to contradictions with external causality. In Section 5, it was
pointed out that the (experimentally confirmed) phenomenon of 'quantum
teleportation' (Bennett et al., 1993; Bouwmeester et al., 1997; Macikic
et al., 2002) cannot be explained in terms of ordinary classical
information processing, but as a combination of such classical causal
influences and the acausal effects of quantum entanglement. It indeed
turns out that quantum entanglement effects—referred to as 'quantum
information' or 'quanglement' (Penrose 2002, 2004)—appear to have to be
thought of as being able to propagate in <i>either</i> direction in
time (into the past or into the future). Such effects, however, cannot
by themselves be used to communicate ordinary information into the past.
Nevertheless, in conjunction with normal classical future-propagating
(i.e. 'causal') signalling, these quantum-teleportation influences can
achieve certain kinds of 'signalling' that cannot be achieved simply by
classical future-directed means.<br />
The issue is a subtle one, but if conscious experience is indeed rooted in the <b>OR</b> process, where we take <b>OR</b> to relate the <i>classical</i> to the <i>quantum</i> world, then apparent anomalies in the sequential aspects of consciousness are perhaps to be expected. The <b>Orch OR</b> scheme allows conscious experience to be <i>temporally non-local</i> to a degree, where this temporal non-locality would spread to the kind of time scale τ that would be involved in the relevant <b>Orch OR</b>
process, which might indeed allow this temporal non-locality to spread
to a time τ=500ms. When the 'moment' of an internal conscious experience
is timed externally, it may well be found that this external timing
does not precisely accord with a time progression that would seem to
apply to internal conscious experience, owing to this temporal
non-locality intrinsic to <b>Orch OR</b>. <br />
Measurable brain activity correlated with a stimulus often occurs
several hundred msec after that stimulus, as Libet showed. Yet in
activities ranging from rapid conversation to competitive athletics, we
respond to a stimulus (seemingly consciously) <i>before</i> the above
activity that would be correlated with that stimulus occurring in the
brain. This is interpreted in conventional neuroscience and philosophy
(e.g. Dennett, 1991; Wegner, 2002) to imply that in such cases we
respond non-consciously, on auto-pilot, and subsequently have only an<i> illusion</i>
of conscious response. The mainstream view is that consciousness is
epiphenomenal illusion, occurring after-the-fact as a false impression
of conscious control of behavior. We are merely 'helpless spectators'
(Huxley, 1986). <br />
However, the effective quantum backward time referral inherent in the
temporal non-locality resulting from the quanglement aspects of <b>Orch OR</b>, as suggested above, enables conscious experience actually to be <i>temporally non-local</i>, thus providing a means to rescue consciousness from its unfortunate characterization as epiphenomenal illusion. Accordingy, <b>Orch OR</b>
could well enable consciousness to have a causal efficacy, despite its
apparently anomalous relation to a timing assigned to it in relation to
an external clock, thereby allowing conscious action to provide a
semblance of free will. <br />
<b>
8. Orch OR Criticisms and Responses</b><br />
<b>Orch OR</b> has been criticized repeatedly since its inception. Here we review and summarize major criticisms and responses.<br />
<i>Grush and Churchland, 1995</i>. Philosophers Grush and Churchland
(1995) took issue with the Gödel's theorem argument, as well as several
biological factors. One objection involved the microtubule-disabling
drug colchicine which treats diseases such as gout by immobilizing
neutrophil cells which cause painful inflammation in joints. Neutrophil
mobility requires cycles of microtubule assembly/disassembly, and
colchicine prevents re-assembly, impairing neutrophil mobility and
reducing inflammation. Grush and Churchland pointed out that patients
given colchicine do not lose consciousness, concluding that microtubules
cannot be essential for consciousness. Penrose and Hameroff (1995)
responded point-by-point to every objection, e.g. explaining that
colchicine does not cross the blood brain barrier, and so doesn't reach
the brain. Colchicine infused directly into the brains of animals does
cause severe cognitive impairment and apparent loss of consciousness
(Bensimon and Chemat, 1991).<br />
<i>Tuszynski et al, 1998</i>. Tuszynski et al (1998) questioned how
extremely weak gravitational energy in Diósi-Penrose OR could influence
tubulin protein states. In Hameroff and Penrose (1996a), the
gravitational self-energy <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> for tubulin superposition
was calculated for separation of tubulin from itself at the level of
its atomic nuclei. Because the atomic (e.g. carbon) nucleus displacement
is greater than its radius (the nuclei separate completely), the
gravitational self-energy <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> is given by: <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>=Gm<sup>2</sup>/a<sub>c</sub>, where a<sub>c</sub> is the carbon nucleus sphere radius equal to 2.5 Fermi distances, m is the mass of tubulin, and <i>G</i> is the gravitational constant. Brown and Tuszynski calculated <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> (using separation at the nanometer level of the entire tubulin protein), finding an appropriately small energy E of 10<sup>-27</sup> electron volts (eV) per tubulin, infinitesimal compared with ambient energy kT of 10<sup>-4</sup>eV. Correcting for the smaller superposition separation distance of 2.5 Fermi lengths in <b>Orch OR</b> gives a significantly larger, but still tiny 10<sup>-21</sup>eV per tubulin. With 2×10<sup>10</sup> tubulins per 25msec, the conscious <b>Orch OR</b> moment would be roughly 10<sup>-10</sup>eV (10<sup>-29</sup> joules), still insignificant compared to kT at 10<sup>-4</sup>eV.<br />
All this serves to illustrate the fact that the energy <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>
does not actually play a role in physical processes as an energy, in
competition with other energies that are driving the physical (chemical,
electronic) processes of relevance. In a clear sense <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>
is, instead, an energy uncertainty—and it is this uncertainty that
allows quantum state reduction to take place without violation of energy
conservation. The fact that <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> is far smaller than
the other energies involved in the relevant physical processes is a
necessary feature of the consistency of the OR scheme. It does not
supply the energy to drive the physical processes involved, but it
provides the energy uncertainty that allows the freedom for processes
having virtually the same energy as each other to be alternative
actions. In practice, all that <i>E<sub>G</sub></i> is needed for is to tell us how to calculate the lifetime τ of the superposition. <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>
would enter into issues of energy balance only if gravitational
interactions between the parts of the system were important in the
processes involved. (The Earth's gravitational field plays no role in
this either, because it cancels out in the calculation of <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>.) No other forces of nature directly contribute to <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>, which is just as well, because if they did, there would be a gross discrepancy with observational physics.<br />
<i>Tegmark, 2000</i>. Physicist Max Tegmark (2000) confronted <b>Orch OR</b> on the basis of decoherence. This was discussed at length in Section 7.<br />
<i>Koch and Hepp, 2006</i>. In a challenge to <b>Orch OR</b>,
neuroscientists/physicists Koch and Hepp published a thought experiment
in Nature, describing a person observing a superposition of a cat both
dead and alive with one eye, the other eye distracted by a series of
images (binocular rivalry). They asked 'Where in the observer's brain
would reduction occur?', apparently assuming <b>Orch OR</b> followed the Copenhagen interpretation in which conscious observation <i>causes</i> quantum state reduction. This is precisely the opposite of <b>Orch OR</b> in which consciousness<i> is</i> the orchestrated quantum state reduction given by OR. <br />
<b>Orch OR</b> can account for the related issue of bistable perceptions
(e.g. the famous face/vase illusion, or Necker cube). Non-conscious
superpositions of both possibilities (face and vase) during
pre-conscious quantum superposition then reduce by <b>OR</b> at time τ to conscious perception of one or the other, face <i>or</i>
vase. The reduction would occur among microtubules within neurons
interconnected by gap junctions in various areas of visual and
pre-frontal cortex and other brain regions.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure7.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 7. Simulating Fröhlich coherence in microtubules. A) Linear
column of tubulins (protofilament) as simulated by Reimers et al (2010)
which showed only weak Fröhlich condensation. B) and C) 2-dimensional
tubulin sheets with toroidal boundary conditions (approximating
3-dimensional microtubule) simulated by Samsonovich et al (1992) shows
long range Fröhlich resonance, with long-range symmetry, and nodes
matching experimentally-observed MAP attachment patterns. </dir>
<i>Reimers et al (2009)</i> described three types of Fröhlich
condensation (weak, strong and coherent, the first classical and the
latter two quantum). They validated 8 MHz coherence measured in
microtubules by Pokorny (2001; 2004) as weak condensation. Based on
simulation of a 1-dimensional linear chain of tubulin dimers
representing a microtubule, they concluded only weak Fröhlich
condensation occurs in microtubules. Claiming <b>Orch OR</b> requires strong or coherent Fröhlich condensation, they concluded <b>Orch OR</b>
is invalid. However Samsonovich et al (1992) simulated a microtubule as
a 2-dimensional lattice plane with toroidal boundary conditions and
found Fröhlich resonance maxima at discrete locations in super-lattice
patterns on the simulated microtubule surface which precisely matched
experimentally observed functional attachment sites for
microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Further, Bandyopadhyay (2011)
has experimental evidence for strong Fröhlich coherence in microtubules
at multiple resonant frequencies.
<br />
<i>McKemmish et al (2010)</i> challenged the <b>Orch OR</b> contention
that tubulin switching is mediated by London forces, pointing out that
mobile π electrons in a benzene ring (e.g. a phenyl ring without
attachments) are completely delocalized, and hence cannot switch between
states, nor exist in superposition of both states. Agreed. A single
benzene cannot engage in switching. London forces occur between two or
more electron cloud ring structures, or other non-polar groups. A single
benzene ring cannot support London forces. It takes two (or more) to
tango. <b>Orch OR</b> has always maintained two or more non-polar groups
are necessary (Figure 8). McKemmish et al are clearly mistaken on this
point.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure8.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 8. A) Phenyl ring/benzene of 6 carbons with three extra π
electrons/double bonds which oscillate between two configurations
according to valence theory. B) Phenyl ring/benzene according to
molecular orbital theory in which π electrons/double bonds are
delocalized, thus preventing oscillation between alternate states. No
oscillation/switching can occur. C) Two adjacent phenyl rings/benzenes
in which π electrons/double bonds are coupled, i.e. van der Waals London
(dipole dispersion) forces. Two versions are shown: In top version,
lines represent double bond locations; in bottom version, dipoles are
filled in to show negative charge locations. D) Complex of 4 rings with
London forces. </dir>
McKemmish et al further assert that tubulin switching in <b>Orch OR</b>
requires significant conformational structural change (as indicated in
Figure 2), and that the only mechanism for such conformational switching
is due to GTP hydrolysis, i.e. conversion of guanosine triphophate
(GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) with release of phosphate group
energy, and tubulin conformational flexing. McKemmish et al correctly
point out that driving synchronized microtubule oscillations by
hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and conformational changes would be prohibitive
in terms of energy requirements and heat produced. This is agreed.
However, we clarify that tubulin switching in <b>Orch OR</b> need not
actually involve significant conformational change (e. g. as is
illustrated in Figure 2), that electron cloud dipole states (London
forces) are sufficient for bit-like switching, superposition and qubit
function. We acknowledge tubulin conformational switching as discussed
in early <b>Orch OR</b> publications and illustrations do indicate
significant conformational changes. They are admittedly, though
unintentionally, misleading.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure9.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 9. Left: Molecular simulation of tubulin with beta tubulin (dark
gray) on top and alpha tubulin (light gray) on bottom. Non-polar amino
acids phenylalanine and tryptophan with aromatic phenyl and indole rings
are shown. (By Travis Craddock and Jack Tuszynski.) Right: Schematic
tubulin with non-polar hydrophobic phenyl rings approximating actually
phenyl and indole rings. Scale bar: 1 nanometer. </dir>
The only tubulin conformational factor in <b>Orch OR</b> is superposition separation involved in <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>, the gravitational self-energy of the tubulin qubit. As previously described, we calculated <i>E<sub>G</sub></i>
for tubulin separated from itself at three possible levels: 1) the
entire protein (e.g. partial separation, as suggested in Figure 2), 2)
its atomic nuclei, and 3) its nucleons (protons and neutrons). The
dominant effect is 2) separation at the level of atomic nuclei, e.g. 2.5
Fermi length for carbon nuclei (2.5 femtometers; 2.5 x 10<sup>-15</sup>
meters). This shift may be accounted for by London force dipoles with
Mossbauer nuclear recoil and charge effects (Hameroff, 1998). Tubulin
switching in <b>Orch OR</b> requires neither GTP hydrolysis nor significant conformational changes.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure10.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 10. Four versions of the schematic <b>Orch OR</b> tubulin bit
(superpositioned qubit states not shown). A) Early version showing
conformational change coupled to/driven by single hydrophobic pocket
with two aromatic rings. B) Updated version with single hydrophobic
pocket composed of 4 aromatic rings. C) McKemmish et al (2009)
mis-characterization of <b>Orch OR</b> tubulin bit as irreversible conformational change driven by GTP hydrolysis. D) Current version of <b>Orch OR</b>
bit with no significant conformational change (change occurs at the
level of atomic nuclei) and multiple hydrophobic pockets arranged in
channels. </dir>
Schematic depiction of the tubulin bit, qubit and hydrophobic pockets in <b>Orch OR</b> has evolved over the years. An updated version is described in the next Section.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure11a.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 11. 2011 <b>Orch OR</b> tubulin qubit. Top: Alternate states of
tubulin dimer (black and white) due to collective orientation of London
force electron cloud dipoles in non-polar hydrophobic regions. There is
no evident conformational change as suggested in previous versions;
conformational change occurs at the level of atomic nuclei. Bottom:
Depiction of tubulin (gray) superpositioned in
both states.
</dir>
<b>
9. Topological Quantum Computing in Orch OR</b> <br />
Quantum processes in <b>Orch OR</b> have consistently been ascribed to
London forces in tubulin hydrophobic pockets, non-polar intra-protein
regions, e.g. of π electron resonance rings of aromatic amino acids
including tryptophan and phenylalanine. This assertion is based on (1)
Fröhlich's suggestion that protein states are synchronized by electron
cloud dipole oscillations in intra-protein non-polar regions, and (2)
anesthetic gases selectively erasing consciousness by London forces in
non-polar, hydrophobic regions in various neuronal proteins (e.g.
tubulin, membrane proteins, etc.). London forces are weak, but numerous
and able to act cooperatively to regulate protein states (Voet and Voet,
1995).
<br />
The structure of tubulin became known in 1998 (Nogales et al, 1998),
allowing identification of non-polar amino acids and hydrophobic
regions. Figure 9 shows locations of phenyl and indole π electron
resonance rings of non-polar aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and
tryptophan in tubulin. The ring locations are clustered along somewhat
continuous pathways (within 2 nanometers) through tubulin. Thus, rather
than hydrophobic pockets, tubulin may have within it quantum hydrophobic
channels, or streams, linear arrays of electron resonance clouds
suitable for cooperative, long-range quantum London forces. These
quantum channels within each tubulin appear to align with those in
adjacent tubulins in microtubule lattices, matching helical winding
patterns (Figure 12). This in turn may support topological quantum
computing in <b>Orch OR</b>. <br />
Quantum bits, or qubits in quantum computers are generally envisioned as
information bits in superposition of simultaneous alternative
representations, e.g. both 1 and 0. Topological qubits are
superpositions of alternative pathways, or channels which intersect
repeatedly on a surface, forming 'braids'. Quasiparticles called anyons
travel along such pathways, the intersections forming logic gates, with
particular braids or pathways corresponding with particular information
states, or bits. In superposition, anyons follow multiple braided
pathways simultaneously, then reduce, or collapse to one particular
pathway and functional output. Topological qubits are intrinsically
resistant to decoherence.<br />
An <b>Orch OR</b> qubit based on topological quantum computing specific
to microtubule polymer geometry was suggested in Hameroff et al. (2002).
Conductances along particular microtubule lattice geometry, e.g.
Fibonacci helical pathways, were proposed to function as topological
bits and qubits. Bandyopadhyay (2011) has preliminary evidence for
ballistic conductance along different, discrete helical pathways in
single microtubules<br />
As an extension of <b>Orch OR</b>, we suggest topological qubits in
microtubules based on quantum hydrophobic channels, e.g. continuous
arrays of electron resonance rings within and among tubulins in
microtubule lattices, e.g. following Fibonacci pathways. Cooperative
London forces (electron cloud dipoles) in quantum hydrophobic channels
may enable long-range coherence and topological quantum computing in
microtubules necessary for optimal brain function and consciousness.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure12.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 12. Left: Microtubule A-lattice configuration with lines
connecting proposed hydrophobic channels of near-contiguous (<2
nanometer separation) electron resonance rings of phenylalanine and
tryptophan. Right: Microtubule B-lattice with fewer such channels and
lacking Fibonacci pathways. B-lattice microtubules have a vertical seam
dislocation (not shown). </dir>
<br />
<br />
<center>
<img src="http://JournalofCosmology.com/images/PenroseFigure13.jpg" /> </center>
<dir>
Figure 13. Extending microtubule A-lattice hydrophobic channels (Figure
12) results in helical winding patterns matching Fibonacci geometry.
Bandyopadhyay (2011) has evidence for ballistic
conductance and quantum inteference along such helical pathways
which may
be involved in topological quantum computing. Quantum electronic
states of
London forces in hydrophobic channels result in slight superposition
separation
of atomic nuclei, sufficient E<sub>G</sub> for <b>Orch OR</b>. This image may be taken to
represent superposition of four possible topological qubits which, after time
T=tau, will undergo <b>OR</b>, and reduce to specific pathway(s) which then implement
function.
</dir>
<b>
10. Conclusion: Consciousness in the Universe </b> <br />
Our criterion for <i>proto</i>-consciousness is <b> OR</b> . It would be unreasonable to refer to <b> OR</b> as the criterion for actual consciousness, because, according to the DP scheme, <b> OR</b>
processes would be taking place all the time, and would be providing
the effective randomness that is characteristic of quantum measurement.
Quantum superpositions will continually be reaching the DP threshold for
OR in non-biological settings as well as in biological ones, and
usually take place in the purely random environment of a quantum system
under measurement. Instead, our criterion for consciousness is <b>Orch OR</b>,
conditions for which are fairly stringent: superposition must be
isolated from the decoherence effects of the random environment for long
enough to reach the DS threshold. Small superpositions are easier to
isolate, but require longer reduction times τ. Large superpositions will
reach threshold quickly, but are intrinsically more difficult to
isolate. Nonetheless, we believe that there is evidence that such
superpositions could occur within sufficiently large collections of
microtubules in the brain for τ to be some fraction of a second.<br />
<i>Very</i> large mass displacements can also occur in the universe in
quantum-mechanical situations, for example in the cores of neutron
stars. By <b> OR</b> , such superpositions would reduce extremely
quickly, and classically unreasonable superpositions would be rapidly
eliminated. Nevertheless, sentient creatures might have evolved in parts
of the universe that would be highly alien to us. One possibility might
be on neutron star surfaces, an idea that was developed ingeniously and
in great detail by Robert Forward in two science-fiction stories (<i>Dragon's Egg</i> in 1980, <i>Starquake</i> in 1989). Such creatures (referred to as 'cheelas' in the books, with metabolic processes and <b>OR</b>-like
events occurring at rates of around a million times that of a human
being) could arguably have intense experiences, but whether or not this
would be possible in detail is, at the moment, a very speculative
matter. Nevertheless, the <b>Orch OR</b> proposal offers a possible
route to rational argument, as to whether life of a totally alien kind
such as this might be possible, or even probable, somewhere in the
universe.
<br />
Such speculations also raise the issue of the 'anthropic principle',
according to which it is sometimes argued that the particular
dimensionless constants of Nature that we happen to find in our universe
are 'fortuitously' favorable to human existence. (A <i>dimensionless</i>
physical constant is a pure number, like the ratio of the electric to
the gravitational force between the electron and the proton in a
hydrogen atom, which in this case is a number of the general order of 10<sup>40</sup>.)
The key point is not so much to do with human existence, but the
existence of sentient beings of any kind. Is there anything coincidental
about the dimensionless physical constants being of such a nature that
conscious life is possible at all? For example, if the mass of the
neutron had been slightly less than that of the proton, rather than
slightly larger, then neutrons rather than protons would have been
stable, and this would be to the detriment of the whole subject of
chemistry. These issues are frequently argued about (see Barrow and
Tipler 1986), but the <b>Orch OR</b> proposal provides a little more
substance to these arguments, since a proposal for the possibility of
sentient life is, in principle, provided.<br />
The recently proposed cosmological scheme of <i>conformal cyclic cosmology</i>
(CCC) (Penrose 2010) also has some relevance to these issues. CCC
posits that what we presently regard as the entire history of our
universe, from its Big-Bang origin (but without inflation) to its
indefinitely expanding future, is but one <i>aeon</i> in an unending
succession of similar such aeons, where the infinite future of each
matches to the big bang of the next via an infinite change of scale. A
question arises whether the dimensionless constants of the aeon prior to
ours, in the CCC scheme, are the same as those in our own aeon, and
this relates to the question of whether sentient life could exist in
that aeon as well as in our own. These questions are in principle
answerable by observation, and again they would have a bearing on the
extent or validity of the <b>Orch OR</b> proposal. If <b>Orch OR</b>
turns out to be correct, in it essentials, as a physical basis for
consciousness, then it opens up the possibility that many questions may
become answerable, such as whether life could have come about in an aeon
prior to our own, that would have previously seemed to be far beyond
the reaches of science.
<br />
Moreover, <b>Orch OR</b> places the phenomenon of consciousness at a
very central place in the physical nature of our universe, whether or
not this 'universe' includes aeons other than just our own. It is our
belief that, quite apart from detailed aspects of the physical
mechanisms that are involved in the production of consciousness in human
brains, quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory. Some completion is
needed, and the DP proposal for an <b>OR</b> scheme underlying quantum theory's <b>R</b>-process
would be a definite possibility. If such a scheme as this is indeed
respected by Nature, then there is a fundamental additional ingredient
to our presently understood laws of Nature which plays an important role
at the Planck-scale level of space-time structure. The <b>Orch OR</b>
proposal takes advantage of this, suggesting that conscious experience
itself plays such a role in the operation of the laws of the universe.
<br />
<br />
<b>Acknowledgment</b> We thank Dave Cantrell, University of Arizona Biomedical Communications for artwork.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr color="Black" />
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<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2FJournalofCosmology.com%2Fimages%2FPenroseFigure01.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjZz59LOKdWj6k1-MocavC7iLqve7LelUvVPbYrDYrqd2dNVnKxXvmHl92XXvXlIizXezzMNIKuuLyUgER8cJolnMyBu4i9hjtunC-Lnrv6039kHohIGy9RDK278UAIeavIxA2K_KODcp0HdD_gDZtJLc2QLDQJ2E4=" -->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-32628591879588543962015-05-08T09:36:00.002-07:002015-05-08T09:36:53.677-07:00The Platonic Solid Tetractys<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQBHtkjUcZdiX-AOFkKrjVWeyCW0Xu2RJfmXLUIE8HEZr0L53Le9NZopXTY3-L4ysTdnvsuxQLKeBCbP3OAQ_kFwte3jNSqbUdhiFdFTSnHeBFHOFnUJ-mPVjVpbeyvmaQWlX7W8SXIqlh/s1600/Platonic+Solids+Tetractys.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQBHtkjUcZdiX-AOFkKrjVWeyCW0Xu2RJfmXLUIE8HEZr0L53Le9NZopXTY3-L4ysTdnvsuxQLKeBCbP3OAQ_kFwte3jNSqbUdhiFdFTSnHeBFHOFnUJ-mPVjVpbeyvmaQWlX7W8SXIqlh/s400/Platonic+Solids+Tetractys.png" width="392" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-19191440152624979372015-04-29T10:03:00.000-07:002015-04-29T10:03:22.985-07:00The Pythagorean Tetractys<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyPfJOIm0U5kJL7Bp1CvZh3NIbKWCxunMfe7E-umAT4fB6uOtwUiN1rwdBV-vLO-HmsSi-_u0QPc_0mX8hUYjZxADfrYrxqrgfJOhL65ETJb050NBtk7i-XLQrayLrH1PK4uDa95Ll7-Ii/s1600/Tetractys.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyPfJOIm0U5kJL7Bp1CvZh3NIbKWCxunMfe7E-umAT4fB6uOtwUiN1rwdBV-vLO-HmsSi-_u0QPc_0mX8hUYjZxADfrYrxqrgfJOhL65ETJb050NBtk7i-XLQrayLrH1PK4uDa95Ll7-Ii/s1600/Tetractys.png" height="340" width="400" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-14009310536799107752015-03-16T13:45:00.001-07:002015-03-16T13:45:02.218-07:003 Torus Structure with Spin States<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Three torus creates six dual spin states creates Flower of Life, seen
here embodied within the cube/tesseract form. Star of David is seen. A
possible simile of the Tree of Life. Cross is seen, as well as the cube
being a folded 3 Dimensional representation of the Cross. Much more
within the structure, but those are most notable with this image.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXf-qN1jhWk6K4HIWzJlI4bR04_lS4Fv-mNt8ekOvDIw2Q1YCnowMl2GN1xKdjpQx8hi4gxTIgqY5R-vxsr7wFtzbypD7ao9wd5OyjdDRtRvwPMyACPUIN3HFi3WdDki0fhY6Mg3h-rA/s1600/spinning+cube+3+sphere.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXf-qN1jhWk6K4HIWzJlI4bR04_lS4Fv-mNt8ekOvDIw2Q1YCnowMl2GN1xKdjpQx8hi4gxTIgqY5R-vxsr7wFtzbypD7ao9wd5OyjdDRtRvwPMyACPUIN3HFi3WdDki0fhY6Mg3h-rA/s1600/spinning+cube+3+sphere.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
- Chad Adams</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-44382930606596846912015-02-19T09:39:00.000-08:002015-02-19T09:39:40.467-08:00Expansion, Contraction and Reversion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3KooE36xVNoZ5MdOcGPj0vXYe3cPsydKT47cKKFku5sOiK-LuWErE9V51Me7zEgrUuJnQNGf0SIX_qrxgUDeayGx8dZ-Ld2VaELu4xdprI73e-wz-y9vgcn7yjTR1QCI9gHyLJsg2Um5/s1600/216+Base+9+Pattern+Connectivity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3KooE36xVNoZ5MdOcGPj0vXYe3cPsydKT47cKKFku5sOiK-LuWErE9V51Me7zEgrUuJnQNGf0SIX_qrxgUDeayGx8dZ-Ld2VaELu4xdprI73e-wz-y9vgcn7yjTR1QCI9gHyLJsg2Um5/s1600/216+Base+9+Pattern+Connectivity.jpg" height="320" width="116" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-21781073048658669052015-02-12T14:02:00.000-08:002015-03-09T14:44:01.575-07:00360 Degrees and Extended Fibonacci<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilp8xxaePr-BD-VTnl-2PohhJ1qE8GkEZqQm2NIXR2qSVdbKy7RoTR6afiJn8M_CFp8tWVrqFpD6yWss_sJmaUg0oOIXaNGaFeDgciNUGQB-iUkKP7hz7df3yiRrASe2jXqmMnwSpbJXm_/s1600/360+Degrees.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilp8xxaePr-BD-VTnl-2PohhJ1qE8GkEZqQm2NIXR2qSVdbKy7RoTR6afiJn8M_CFp8tWVrqFpD6yWss_sJmaUg0oOIXaNGaFeDgciNUGQB-iUkKP7hz7df3yiRrASe2jXqmMnwSpbJXm_/s1600/360+Degrees.png" height="320" width="293" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-72788972407096387682015-02-02T09:51:00.001-08:002015-02-02T09:51:40.035-08:00Extended Fibonacci and Fraction sets<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This is one of the most amazing things I've seen yet, playing around
with Extended Fibonacci. Many may overlook this because of all the
numbers, but the results<span class="text_exposed_show"> are...proof (?)
of the fractal nature of the Golden Ratio. I've said it was fractal
before, but it has been so difficult/daunting to place it within a
context that can actually be seen.</span><br />
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I divided the 10 numbers as such:<br /> 1/2<br /> 1/3, 2/3<br /> 1/4, 2/4, 3/4<br /> 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5<br /> etc.<br /> The solution to each of these fractions, I did Fibonacci Sequence to.<br />
Some fractions, of course, were duplicated. For example: 1/2 is the
same as 3/6 4/8, etc. All duplicates were removed. Then, all fractions
with their respective Fibonacci Sequence through f12 were placed in
numerical order with the lesser on the left, and greater on the right.<br />
When I 'folded' the entire table exactly in half, and added the overlapped numbers, it RECREATED THE FIBONACCI SERIES!<br />
There are other awesome things going on in these tables. It is as if
each fraction set of each whole number contains its own Fibonacci Set
that is seen reflected in the original Extended Fibonacci Table. I wish
there was a simpler way to convey this information!<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-1055155547790146812014-12-18T09:17:00.002-08:002014-12-18T09:17:20.843-08:00Extended Fibonacci and the 60 End Digit Fibonacci Pattern<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
(I've included the Extended Fibonacci graphic for reference)<br />
The color coding denotes the Sequence that arise from the individual number, not the number itself.<br />
The 4 odd numbers (1, 3, 7, 9), the exception being number 5, have the
pattern sequences of itself and the other 3 occurring every 15 Fibonacci
steps. <br />
<div class="text_exposed_show">
The 4 even numbers (2, 4,
6, 8) have the pattern sequences of itself and the other 3 occurring
every 5 Fibonacci steps, the full set of which recur every 20 Fibonacci
Steps.<br />
The number 5 and its multiples seems to be the fulcrum.<br />
- <a class="profileLink" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=1336001804&extragetparams=%7B%22directed_target_id%22%3A579856975469437%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/chad.adams.5648">Chad Adams</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-56562161613564228472014-09-26T12:29:00.000-07:002014-09-26T12:29:05.983-07:00Our Localized Light Bubble<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
The diameter of the Sun is 864,000 miles.<br />The radius of the Sun is 432,000 miles.<br /><br />The natural harmonic frequency of nature is 432hz.<br /><br />432 squared (432 x 432) = 186,624<br /><br />186,624 is the speed of light in miles per second.<br /><br />The Inverse-Square Law states:<br />"In physics, an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity."<br /><br />Occam's Razor states:<br />"...among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. Other, more complicated solutions may ultimately prove correct, but—in the absence of certainty—the fewer assumptions that are made, the better."<br /><br />My conclusion is that we exist in a localized light bubble. The source of light in our light bubble (heliosphere) is the sun, and the sun emits light from its direct center and radiates outward. By the time light attains outer shell of sun, 432,000 miles from its center, the most harmonic of frequencies becomes 432. Due to the law of inverse-square, light maxes out at 186,624 seconds per mile (again, 432x432).<br /><br />Anything coming into the interior of our light bubble (again, the heliosphere) from the exterior (interstellar space), succumbs to the frequency nets of the localized area of inner heliosphere. Anything that measures something where both the one doing the observational measuring, and the thing being measured, is 'converted' to observational influence of the localized medium. In other words, whatever is measured can only be measured by the medium it consists of, and is submerged in.<br /><br />Every solar system has its own variations and variables. Light speed and physics laws are not universal. They are all influenced by the localized medium, with occasional bleed through from galactic center and other mediums that the solar system itself is submerged in.<br />
<br />
- Chad Adams</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-24088064580864298872014-09-19T08:32:00.001-07:002014-09-19T08:32:12.245-07:00We are Dynamic Expressions of Pi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Consciousness
is everything. It resides within everything. Everything
non-material is consciousness. Everything material is consciousness that
is structured for specific functions. Along with that, is the bridge, the
eye, that is the center of mass, the two pyramids, the ascending and
descending, perfectly joined.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Consciousness
is spirit. It is both within and without everything.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">We are
talking of quantum sizes, and because of the fractal nature of it, these torus
models are nested within each other as well, all the way to the quantum state
and the 'bridge'. So, the entirety of what is the material body contains
consciousness. Then, there are complex areas of relations that can 'draw'
in, or understand consciousness better. Your brain, for example.
Your heart. Your organs. They are structured to allow consciousness
to be sentient within the material. But, your skin doesn't hold that
property. It is not complex and structured correctly for the function of
sentient thinking. BUT, it still contains consciousness, as is obvious
when you cut your finger and white blood cells automatically go and try to
repair it. You are a vessel that holds consciousness, and interprets
consciousness in different ways depending on the structure of the biology.
Systems within systems, material groupings.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">All of it is
as much individual as it is collective. It is all consciousness
though. All 'god', or spirit, or whatever you want to define
consciousness as. Even our DNA has the consciousness in it. It
structures the individual human body, or any other biological structure.
But, consciousness is within everything, it is just a matter of how the 'building
blocks' of mass are organized that depends on how the consciousness 'works' or
is filtered.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">When you
imagine the single torus (not all three), well, it is the first manifestation
of mass out of quantum potential. A sphere (torus) is the most efficient
form in the universe. So, the torus is spherical in shape, but in order
to access spirit, or consciousness, once it becomes a stable self perpetuating
wave, it needs a type of bridge. There needs to be a way to have the
non-material inside the material. So, the torus form allows the inversion
process to occur and allows non-material to exist within the material...within
mass itself!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Remember,
this from that I have put together is before the first solid becomes
solid. It is quantum soup that is manifesting into mass. Since it
is the foundational construct, we will see the 'form' within all of the
material universe.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">And, we do.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A decade or
two ago, I was reading up on Ken Wilbur's work. I found that the concept
of Holon's provides the viewpoint of 'being <em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">the</span></em> point that is not
a point’. This concept is similar to this model, where the entire
construct is actually more of a cloud of energy that is defining itself through
motion.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I am not
only the three model torus, but its potential as well. Not only that, but
just as the spin states directional definition is based on placement of
observation, so too with perceptional viewing. That is why perception and
how we perceive the inner and outer universe is so 'relative'.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tentative
Hypothetical One; a state of where focus resides. It is the overlaying of
varying degrees of opaqueness and which 'density' of opaqueness you choose to
view. It is when we are free. When we have True Free Will within.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we can we truly manifest our own
passions, loves, etc. The one, leads to the other, flowing through the
chains of the common human life at this time (chained within materiality by the
systems we have grown up in). Going fractally, one leads to separation of
the other end (material side). And one leads to the inclusion of both
(spiritual side). The inclusion of both is done once we are able to break
from the system. Exist outside of the systems influence.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">We spin
around and around these concepts internally and externally, and then there are
the influences from without self that affect the internal and external dances
we live by.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">We are centrally
one torus, doing the dance of the two other torus while embodied here, existing
as all of them. We are spinning gradients blending throughout all the
spins, and where areas of various interacting outer flowing wave aspects of the
spins express synergy within the interstices, the waves harmonically sync and
become the tensegrity of solidity by means of standing waves; the effect of the
harmonic sync [i]cause[/i]. Where perception gazes and biases lie (no pun
intended) determines where and how you are spread out through the
construct. How resonant you are, and how dissonant you are. We are
still the entire structure, we are just spread out through it in varying areas
and degrees of focal length and density.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Golden
Spiral or Fibonacci , the design is the design.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Looking it
from the Golden Mean ration, and not the Fibonacci, we can imagine the
structure getting tighter and tighter the more 'in' we go. But, we are
already talking about extremely small states, just past manifestation of the
quanta, if my thinking is right.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Anyway, at
that size, perhaps it's best not to think of it as an 'area'.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There must be a convergence area that results
in the inversion. Intuitively, I would say it has something to do with
Planck scale and Coulomb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would be an
'area' where it becomes quantum, just as the quantum becomes it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The quantum criticality interstice.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Oh, I just got
a deep vision of it. The three torus become 'entangled' at the time it
inverts. They are all spinning together, almost like 'gears'. Then,
there is a place where all three of them are tangled within each other. That’s
the place the inversion happens. But, it is always happening. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It is the
motion of the spirals that 'force' the aether in and out of the structure in
the center convergence areas of the interacting spiral spins of standing wave
energy forms. The structure is the specific motions that are created from
the charge through the field. It is not a 'something'. It is
charges that are moving that create magnetism like effects that work on the
aether. It itself is not inverting/reverting. It is 'forcing' the
aether to invert/revert. wow.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">lol, that
was a good tangent.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ok, I have
always thought that it would have to be within the nature of pi. In my
mind, I cannot see any other option. It would make 'perfect' sense as
only it could create the areas of inversion.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Within<em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> that deviation from static perfection, as irrational as it may sound,
we are of a dynamic pi nature.</span></em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">- Chad Adams </span></em></span><br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-29207174172670268102014-08-26T09:26:00.002-07:002014-08-26T09:28:48.215-07:00On Nature and the Control of Creativity: Nikola Tesla as a Case Study<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B17t2HhTjZgFWlowM2Rxa2VTNUk/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><img alt="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B17t2HhTjZgFWlowM2Rxa2VTNUk/edit?usp=sharing" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQzOrY0tNJIMQ6QfldPARVm56tVWPrIkINwQLf8WUUWvwO8ZZoXiC1KIU-CTG3R-SYScPrPvM844IE6oflwTXqYYb8_pyNuI8xjJGM8oVfERolm5Ccf64Sm_PF3Ks7XLWSMXZbuEsBWoo_/s1600/220px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Serbia<br />
<br />
<i><b>Abstract</b>. Nikola Tesla is undoubtedly the greatest inventor in the history of electrical engineering, and what makes him especially fascinating was his unusual mental control of creative visions. In this paper it is pointed out that they may sarve as an extraordinary ‘case study’ for understanding both biophysical basis of transpersonal psychology and control of creative processes, in meditation and sleep. This can presumably provide deeper understanding of this most complex cognitive issue, thus helping humankind in developing collective knowledge, experience, and wisdom. </i><br />
<br />
Read the entire paper <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B17t2HhTjZgFWlowM2Rxa2VTNUk/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-14608796106791429912014-08-26T07:53:00.001-07:002014-08-26T09:02:33.832-07:00Robert Waggoner's Lucid Dream Interview with Chad Adams<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj90iHgloBnh-ZZm9Hecv6M4GVjllWynhJSW6nF3Q6YqCf0oXw5BvfRR0vnSlxsWCL1pQ07j9vUiPdzLPGjLt_3k10BORAOtWdEEfDR6e8OmLtvAK59gTON2SPug1rXt5bK1C2pXu6CHlQA/s1600/Sleeping_dreaming_of_this_by_kayjensen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj90iHgloBnh-ZZm9Hecv6M4GVjllWynhJSW6nF3Q6YqCf0oXw5BvfRR0vnSlxsWCL1pQ07j9vUiPdzLPGjLt_3k10BORAOtWdEEfDR6e8OmLtvAK59gTON2SPug1rXt5bK1C2pXu6CHlQA/s1600/Sleeping_dreaming_of_this_by_kayjensen.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<i>"I was seeing how far I could go. I wanted experiences that were beyond any experience you could have in a physical body...</i><br />
<i>...‘There were three significant areas I felt I was being shown and these completely changed my perspective of ‘the nature of reality.’ To generalize the three, I would say one is science based, one is spiritually based, and one is the ability of lucid dreams to change how you view and experience life. I call it, playing in my sandbox.’"</i><br />
<br />
-excerpt from interview<br />
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<span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"name":"department-picker","closeButton":false}" data-action="a-popover"><a class="a-popover-trigger a-declarative" href="https://draft.blogger.com/null"><span class="a-size-base a-color-base"></span></a></span></span>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Lucid-Dreaming-Gateway-Inner-Self/dp/193049114X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1409060770&sr=8-1&keywords=robert+waggoner+lucid" target="_blank"><img alt="Product Details" class="productImage cfMarker" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51XKicaqfYL._AA160_.jpg" /><span style="color: black;">A couple months ago, Robert Waggoner, author of </span></a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Lucid-Dreaming-Gateway-Inner-Self/dp/193049114X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1409060770&sr=8-1&keywords=robert+waggoner+lucid" target="_blank"><i><b>Lucid Dreaming: Gateway to the Inner Self</b></i></a>, asked if he could interview me for his magazine, <i><b>Lucid Dreaming Experience</b></i>.</div>
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I feel that his book is one of the best reads for lucid dreamers, both beginners and advanced, so i was honored to be asked to be interviewed for my abilities and experiences of lucid dreaming.</div>
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<br /></div>
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I found Robert Waggoner to be a wonderful man, sincere and is a lucid dreamer himself. We took our time and spent about 2 months back and forth and finalized the interview for the June edition of the magazine.</div>
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Hope you enjoy!</div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B17t2HhTjZgFc1o4NzhVRUk1cHM/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><img alt=" https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B17t2HhTjZgFc1o4NzhVRUk1cHM/edit?usp=sharing" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFk2DYXdVhqlVnjcJjqD1_1PfzO7Af1RHZP55jiOdSRqcVbF_2DzlMCGZrADFGKUdpjc2v-nsR91GOGpVp4moWzeXVHvD57bkdDSjSGWs7pWMznU_E24ApaWtCIDWMM6QGyKGYGF4PRfBH/s1600/Lucid.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></div>
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https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B17t2HhTjZgFc1o4NzhVRUk1cHM/edit?usp=sharing</div>
<br />
- Chad Adams</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-77335193204807850772014-08-05T14:27:00.000-07:002014-08-05T14:27:40.685-07:00Flower of Life created from Cymatic Image<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmbkeWK_AwDOAd_AD7LlafmLTjD8Gv5MW4NQWqLYx1B4fd54DtV0HLnYslpVq69CUy0GyauHMBCikS1Iet2ofq9U0hZDJywH2y2BGkqy2Hen6YTMinGdNecDUn3KjDeRC7Z5duwvldA34L/s1600/Flower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmbkeWK_AwDOAd_AD7LlafmLTjD8Gv5MW4NQWqLYx1B4fd54DtV0HLnYslpVq69CUy0GyauHMBCikS1Iet2ofq9U0hZDJywH2y2BGkqy2Hen6YTMinGdNecDUn3KjDeRC7Z5duwvldA34L/s1600/Flower.jpg" height="400" width="383" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7142322133251526585.post-45149552509015174092014-08-05T05:38:00.001-07:002014-08-05T05:39:26.622-07:00Testing My Table with Cymatics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Pretty interesting. I was pleasantly surprised to see that this aligned so well.<br />
Some notes:<br />
<br />
Every bubble (circle) has as its center node, a 9. <br />
Whenever a 'bubble' overlaps another, the place of convergence has a 9.<br />
When one 'side' is compared to the other, the numbers can be added and always equals 9.<br />
The entire form seems to be a fractal dipole construct. Ex: when one side contains 6 6 6 3, the other side will be 3 3 3 6.<br />
<br />
This form creates Metatron's Cube as well as the Flower of Life patterns. <br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMEpyp0xzaRrgSw3xQ7fG8dEky-cYInlmtfoSoNknm8lNRdsDLv5BbmDt9m45i_SpBS6JXQIQqkwwqBoIUL4pSTi2JnvcBy5ruPD8QE2FuIeez3M-RenAO0KVUVw9lCCiwJDLc5ouDbEDQ/s1600/Cymatics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMEpyp0xzaRrgSw3xQ7fG8dEky-cYInlmtfoSoNknm8lNRdsDLv5BbmDt9m45i_SpBS6JXQIQqkwwqBoIUL4pSTi2JnvcBy5ruPD8QE2FuIeez3M-RenAO0KVUVw9lCCiwJDLc5ouDbEDQ/s1600/Cymatics.jpg" height="396" width="640" /></a></div>
<span id="goog_1219538182"></span><span id="goog_1219538183"></span><br />
<i>- Chad Adams</i></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0